So there is no way to tell whether it is the train or the earth that is moving.
The lack of an absolute standard of rest meant that one could not determine whether two events that took place at different times occurred in the same position in space. For example, suppose our Ping-Pong ball on the train bounces straight up and down, hitting the table twice on the same spot one second apart. To someone on the track, the two bounces would seem to take place about forty meters apart, because the train would have traveled that far down the track between the bounces. The nonexistence of absolute rest therefore meant that one could not give an event an absolute position in space, as Aristotle had believed. The positions of events and the distances between them would be different for a person on the train and one on the track, and there would be no reason to prefer one person’s position to the other’s.
Newton was very worried by this lack of absolute position, or absolute space, as it was called, because it did not accord with his idea of an absolute God. In fact, he refused to accept lack of absolute space, even though it was implied by his laws.
He was severely criticized for this irrational belief by many people, most notably by Bishop Berkeley, a philosopher who believed that all material objects and space and time are an illusion. When the famous Dr. Johnson was told of Berkeley’s opinion, he cried, “I refute it thus!” and stubbed his toe on a large stone.
Stub 踢
缺乏静止的绝对的标准表明，人们不能决定在不同时间发生的两个事件是否发生在空间的同一位置。例如，假定在火车上我们的乓乒球直上直下地弹跳，在一秒钟前后两次撞到桌面上的同一处。在铁轨上的人来看，这两次弹跳发生在大约相距100米的不同的位置，因为在这两回弹跳的间隔时间里，火车已在铁轨上走了这么远。这样，绝对静止的不存在意味着，不能像亚里士多德相信的那样，给事件指定一个绝对的空间的位置。事件的位置以及它们之间的距离对于在火车上和铁轨上的人来讲是不同的，所以没有理由以为一个人的处境比他人更优越。
牛顿对绝对位置或被称为绝对空间的不存在感到非常忧虑，因为这和他的绝对上帝的观念不一致。事实上，即使绝对空间的不存在被隐含在他的定律中，他也拒绝接受。因为这个非理性的信仰，他受到许多人的严厉批评，最有名的是贝克莱主教，他是一个相信所有的物质实体、空间和时间都是虚妄的哲学家。当人们将贝克莱的见解告诉著名的约翰逊博士时，他用脚尖踢到一块大石头上，并大声地说：“我要这样驳斥它！”
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