It turns out to be very difficult to devise a theory to describe the universe all in one go. Instead, we break the problem up into bits and invent a number of partial theories.
Each of these partial theories describes and predicts a certain limited class of observations, neglecting the effects of other quantities, or representing them by simple sets of numbers. It may be that this approach is completely wrong. If every-thing in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution by investigating parts of the problem in isolation. Nevertheless, it is certainly the way that we have made progress in the past. The classic example again is the Newtonian theory of gravity, which tells us that the gravitational force between two bodies depends only on one number associated with each body, its mass, but is otherwise independent of what the bodies are made of. Thus one does not need to have a theory of the structure and constitution of the sun and the planets in order to calculate their orbits.
Today scientists describe the universe in terms of two basic partial theories - the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. They are the great intellectual achievements of the first half of this century. The general theory of relativity describes the force of gravity and the large-scale structure of the universe, that is, the structure on scales from only a few miles to as large as a million million million million (1 with twenty-four zeros after it) miles, the size of the observable universe. Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, deals with phenomena on extremely small scales, such as a millionth of a millionth of an inch. Unfortunately, however, these two theories are known to be inconsistent with each other - they cannot both be correct. One of the major endeavors in physics today, and the major theme of this book, is the search for a new theory that will incorporate them both - a quantum theory of gravity. We do not yet have such a theory, and we may still be a long way from having one, but we do already know many of the properties that it must have. And we shall see, in later chapters, that we already know a fair amount about the predications a quantum theory of gravity must make.
in one go 一口气
毕全功于一役地设计一种能描述整个宇宙的理论，看来是非常困难的。反之，我们是将这问题分成许多小块，并发明许多部分理论。
每一部分理论描述和预言一定有限范围的观测，同时忽略其他量的效应或用简单的一组数来代表之。可能这方法是全错的。如果宇宙中的每一件东西都以非常基本的方式依赖于其他的任何一件东西，很可能不能用隔离法研究问题的部分去逼近其完备的答案。尽管如此，这肯定是我们在过去取得进展所用的方法。牛顿引力理论又是一个经典的例子，它告诉我们两个物体之间的引力只决定于与每个物体相关的一个数——它的质量；而与物体由何物组成无关。这样，人们不需要太阳和行星结构和成份的理论就可以计算它们的轨道。
今天科学家按照两个基本的部分理论——广义相对论和量子力学来描述宇宙。它们是本世纪上半叶的伟大的智慧成就。广义相对论是描述引力和宇宙的大尺度结构，也就是从只有几英哩直到大至1亿亿亿（1后面跟24个0）英里，即可观测到的宇宙范围的尺度的结构。另一方面，量子力学处理极小尺度的现象，例如万亿分之一英寸（1英寸=2.54厘米）。然而，可惜的是，这两个理论不是互相协调的——它们不可能都对。当代物理学的一个主要的努力，以及这本的主题，即是寻求一个能将其合并在一起的理论——量子引力论。我们还没有这样的理论，要获得这个理论，我们可能还有相当长的路要走，然而我们已经知道了这个理论所应具备的许多性质。在以下几章，人们将会看到，我们已经知道了相当多的量子引力论所应有的预言。
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