At least that is what is supposed to happen, but you can always question the competence of the person who carried out the observation.
In practice, what often happens is that a new theory is devised that is really an extension of the previous theory. For example, very accurate observations of the planet Mercury revealed a small difference between its motion and the predictions of Newton’s theory of gravity. Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicted a slightly different motion from Newton’s theory. The fact that Einstein’s predictions matched what was seen, while Newton’s did not, was one of the crucial confirmations of the new theory. However, we still use Newton’s theory for all practical purposes because the difference between its predictions and those of general relativity is very small in the situations that we normally deal with. (Newton’s theory also has the great advantage that it is much simpler to work with than Einstein’s!)
The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the whole universe. However, the approach most scientists actually follow is to separate the problem into two parts. First, there are the laws that tell us how the universe changes with time. (If we know what the universe is like at any one time, these physical laws tell us how it will look at any later time.) Second, there is the question of the initial state of the universe. Some people feel that science should be concerned with only the first part; they regard the question of the initial situation as a matter for metaphysics or religion. They would say that God, being omnipotent, could have started the universe off any way he wanted. That may be so, but in that case he also could have made it develop in a completely arbitrary way. Yet it appears that he chose to make it evolve in a very regular way according to certain laws. It therefore seems equally reasonable to suppose that there are also laws governing the initial state.
Competence 能力
Devise 设计
Omnipotent 无所不能的
至少被认为这迟早总会发生的，问题在于人们有无才干去实现这样的观测。
实际上经常发生的是，所设计的新理论确实是原先理论的推广。例如，对水星的非常精确的观测揭露了它的运动和牛顿理论预言之间的很小差异。爱因斯坦的广义相对论所预言的运动和牛顿理论略有不同。爱因斯坦的预言和观测相符，而牛顿的预言与观测不相符，这一事实是这个新理论的一个关键证据。然而我们在大部分实际情况下仍用牛顿理论，因为在我们通常处理的情形下，两者差别非常小。（牛顿理论的另一个巨大的优点在于，它比爱因斯坦理论容易处理得多！）
科学的终极目的在于提供一个简单的理论去描述整个宇宙。然而，大部分科学家遵循的方法是将这问题分成两部分。首先，是一些告诉我们宇宙如何随时间变化的定律；（如果我们知道在任一时刻宇宙是什么样子的，则这些定律即能告诉我们以后的任一时刻宇宙是什么样子的。）第二，关于宇宙初始状态的问题。有些人认为科学只应过问第一部分，他们认为初始状态的问题应是形而上学或宗教的范畴。他们会说，全能的上帝可以随心所欲地启动这个宇宙。也许是这样。但是，倘若那样，他也可以使宇宙以完全任意的方式演化。可是，看起来他选择宇宙以一种非常规则的、按照一定规律的方式演化。所以，看来可以同样合理地假定，也存在着制约初始状态的定律
。閱讀更多 讀書看劇記單詞 的文章
