Einstein made the revolutionary suggestion that gravity is not a force like other forces, but is a consequence of the fact that space-time is not flat, as had been previously assumed: it is curved, or “warped,” by the distribution of mass and energy in it. Bodies like the earth are not made to move on curved orbits by a force called gravity; instead, they follow the nearest thing to a straight path in a curved space, which is called a geodesic. A geodesic is the shortest (or longest) path between two nearby points. For example, the surface of the earth is a two-dimensional curved space. A geodesic on the earth is called a great circle, and is the shortest route between two points(Fig. 2.8). As the geodesic is the shortest path between any two airports, this is the route an airline navigator will tell the pilot to fly along. In general relativity, bodies always follow straight lines in four-dimensional space-time, but they nevertheless appear to us to move along curved paths in our three-dimensional space. (This is rather like watching an airplane flying over hilly ground. Although it follows a straight line in three-dimensional space, its shadow follows a curved path on the two-dimensional ground.)The mass of the sun curves space-time in such a way that although the earth follows a straight path in four-dimensional space-time, it appears to us to move along a circular orbit in three-dimensional space.
In fact, the orbits of the planets predicted by general relativity are almost exactly the same as those predicted by the Newtonian theory of gravity. However, in the case of Mercury, which, being the nearest planet to the sun, feels the strongest gravitational effects, and has a rather elongated orbit, general relativity predicts that the long axis of the ellipse should rotate about the sun at a rate of about one degree in ten thousand years. Small though this effect is, it had been noticed before1915 and served as one of the first confirmations of Einstein’s theory. In recent years the even smaller deviations of the orbits of the other planets from the Newtonian predictions have been measured by radar and found to agree with the predictions of general relativity.
Geodesic 测地线
爱因斯坦提出了革命性的思想，即引力不像其他种类的力，而只不过是时空不是平坦的这一事实的后果。正如早先他假定的那样，时空是由于在它中间的质量和能量的分布而变弯曲或“翘曲”的。像地球这样的物体并非由于称为引力的力使之沿着弯曲轨道运动，而是它沿着弯曲空间中最接近于直线的称之为测地线的轨迹运动。一根测地线是两邻近点之间最短（或最长）的路径。例如，地球的表面是一弯曲的二维空间。地球上的测地线称为大圆，是两点之间最近的路（图2.8）。由于测地线是两个机场之间的最短程，这正是领航员叫飞行员飞行的航线。在广义相对论中，物体总是沿着四维时空的直线走。尽管如此，在我们的三维空间看起来它是沿着弯曲的途径（这正如同看一架在非常多山的地面上空飞行的飞机。虽然它沿着三维空间的直线飞，在二维的地面上它的影子却是沿着一条弯曲的路径）。
太阳的质量引起时空的弯曲，使得在四维的时空中地球虽然沿着直线的轨迹，它却让我们在三维空间中看起来是沿着一个圆周运动。事实上，广义相对论预言的行星轨道几乎和牛顿引力理论所预言的完全一致。然而，对于水星，这颗离太阳最近、受到引力效应最强、并具有被拉得相当长的轨道的行星，广义相对论预言其轨道椭圆的长轴绕着太阳以大约每1万年1度的速率进动。这个效应虽然小，但在1915年前即被人们注意到了，并被作为爱因斯坦理论的第一个验证。近年来，其他行星的和牛顿理论预言的甚至更小的轨道偏差也已被雷达测量到，并且发现和广义相对论的预言相符。
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