However, our uncertainty about the present average density of the universe is even greater. If we add up the masses of all the stars that we can see in our galaxy and other galaxies, the total is less than one hundredth of the amount required to halt the expansion of the universe, even for the lowest estimate of the rate of expansion. Our galaxy and other galaxies, however, must contain a large amount of “dark matter” that we cannot see directly, but which we know must be there because of the influence of its gravitational attraction on the orbits of stars in the galaxies. Moreover, most galaxies are found in clusters, and we can similarly infer the presence of yet more dark matter in between the galaxies in these clusters by its effect on the motion of the galaxies. When we add up all this dark matter, we still get only about one tenth of the amount required to halt the expansion. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that there might be some other form of matter, distributed almost uniformly throughout the universe, that we have not yet detected and that might still raise the average density of the universe up to the critical value needed to halt the expansion.
The present evidence therefore suggests that the universe will probably expand forever, but all we can really be sure of is that even if the universe is going to recollapse, it won’t do so for at least another ten thousand million years, since it has already been expanding for at least that long. This should not unduly worry us: by that time, unless we have colonized beyond the Solar System, mankind will long since have died out, extinguished along with our sun!
All of the Friedmann solutions have the feature that at sometime in the past (between ten and twenty thousand million years ago) the distance between neighboring galaxies must have been zero. At that time, which we call the big bang, the density of the universe and the curvature of space-time would have been infinite. Because mathematics cannot really handle infinite numbers, this means that the general theory of relativity (on which Friedmann’s solutions are based) predicts that there is a point in the universe where the theory itself breaks down. Such a point is an example of what mathematicians call a singularity.
Halt 停止
Uniformly 一致地
Unduly 过度地
Singularity 奇点
然而，我们对现在宇宙的平均密度测量得更不准。我们如果将银河系和其他所有能看到的星系的恒星的质量加起来，甚至是按对膨胀率的最低的估值而言，其质量总量比用以阻止膨胀的临界值的1％还少。然而，在我们以及其他的星系里应该有大量的“暗物质”，那是我们不能直接看到的，但由于它的引力对星系中恒星轨道的影响，我们知道它必定存在。况且人们发现，大多数星系是成团的。类似地，由其对星系运动的效应，我们能推断出还有更多的暗物质存在于这些成团的星系之间。将所有这些暗物质加在一起，我们仍只能获得必须用以停止膨胀的密度的1/10。然而，我们不能排除这样的可能性，可能还有我们未能探测到的其他的物质形式几乎均匀地分布于整个宇宙，它仍可以使得宇宙的平均密度达到停止膨胀所必要的临界值。所以，现在的证据暗示，宇宙可能会无限地膨胀。但是，所有我们能真正了解的是，既然它已经膨胀了100亿年，即便如果宇宙还要坍缩，则至少要再过这么久才有可能。这不应使我们过度忧虑——到那时候。除非我们到太阳系以外开拓殖民地，人们早由于太阳的熄灭而死亡殆尽！
所有的弗利德曼解都具有一个特点，即在过去的某一时刻（约100到200亿年之前）邻近星系之间的距离为零。在这被我们称之为大爆炸的那一时刻，宇宙的密度和空间——时间曲率都是无穷大。因为数学不能处理无穷大的数，这表明广义相对论（弗利德曼解以此为基础）预言，在宇宙中存在一点，在该处理论自身失效。这正是数学中称为点的一个例子。
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