This is known as the twins paradox, but it is a paradox only if one has the idea of absolute time at the back of one’s mind.
In the theory of relativity there is no unique absolute time, but instead each individual has his own personal measure of time that depends on where he is and how he is moving.
Before 1915, space and time were thought of as a fixed arena in which events took place, but which was not affected by what happened in it. This was true even of the special theory of relativity. Bodies moved, forces attracted and repelled, but time and space simply continued, unaffected. It was natural to think that space and time went on forever.
The situation, however, is quite different in the general theory of relativity. Space and time are now dynamic quantities: when a body moves, or a force acts, it affects the curvature of space and time - and in turn the structure of space-time affects the way in which bodies move and forces act. Space and time not only affect but also are affected by everything that happens in the universe. Just as one cannot talk about events in the universe without the notions of space and time, so in general relativity it became meaningless to talk about space and time outside the limits of the universe.
In the following decades this new understanding of space and time was to revolutionize our view of the universe. The old idea of an essentially unchanging universe that could have existed, and could continue to exist, forever was replaced by the notion of a dynamic, expanding universe that seemed to have begun a finite time ago, and that might end at a finite time in the future. That revolution forms the subject of the next chapter. And years later, it was also to be the starting point for my work in theoretical physics. Roger Penrose and I showed that Einstein’s general theory of relativity implied that the universe must have a beginning and, possibly, an end.
Arena 舞台
Curvature 曲率
这即是被称为双生子的佯谬。但是，只是对于头脑中仍有绝对时间观念的人而言，这才是佯谬。在相对论中并没有一个唯一的绝对时间，相反地，每个人都有他自己的时间测度，这依赖于他在何处并如何运动。
1915年之前，空间和时间被认为是事件在其中发生的固定舞台，而它们不受在其中发生的事件的影响。即便在狭义相对论中，这也是对的。物体运动，力相互吸引并排斥，但时间和空间则完全不受影响地延伸着。空间和时间很自然地被认为无限地向前延伸。
然而在广义相对论中，情况则相当不同。这时，空间和时间变成为动力量：当一个物体运动时，或一个力起作用时，它影响了空间和时间的曲率；反过来，时空的结构影响了物体运动和力作用的方式。空间和时间不仅去影响、而且被发生在宇宙中的每一件事所影响。正如一个人不用空间和时间的概念不能谈宇宙的事件一样，同样在广义相对论中，在宇宙界限之外讲空间和时间是没有意义的。
在以后的几十年中，对空间和时间的新的理解是对我们的宇宙观的变革。古老的关于基本上不变的、已经存在并将继续存在无限久的宇宙的观念，已为运动的、膨胀的并且看来是从一个有限的过去开始并将在有限的将来终结的宇宙的观念所取代。这个变革正是下一章的内容。几年之后又正是我研究理论物理的起始点。罗杰·彭罗斯和我指出，从爱因斯坦广义相对论可推断出，宇宙必须有个开端，并可能有个终结。
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