In fact, all our theories of science are formulated on the assumption that space-time is smooth and nearly fiat, so they break down at the big bang singularity, where the curvature of space-time is infinite. This means that even if there were events before the big bang, one could not use them to determine what would happen afterward, because predictability would break down at the big bang.
Correspondingly, if, as is the case, we know only what has happened since the big bang, we could not determine what happened beforehand. As far as we are concerned, events before the big bang can have no consequences, so they should not form part of a scientific model of the universe. We should therefore cut them out of the model and say that time had a beginning at the big bang.
Many people do not like the idea that time has a beginning, probably because it smacks of divine intervention. (The Catholic Church, on the other hand, seized on the big bang model and in 1951officially pronounced it to be in accordance with the Bible.) There were therefore a number of attempts to avoid the conclusion that there had been a big bang. The proposal that gained widest support was called the steady state theory. It was suggested in 1948 by two refugees from Nazi-occupied Austria, Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold, together with a Briton, Fred Hoyle, who had worked with them on the development of radar during the war. The idea was that as the galaxies moved away from each other, new galaxies were continually forming in the gaps in between, from new matter that was being continually created. The universe would therefore look roughly the same at all times as well as at all points of space. The steady state theory required a modification of general relativity to allow for the continual creation of matter, but the rate that was involved was so low (about one particle per cubic kilometer per year) that it was not in conflict with experiment. The theory was a good scientific theory, in the sense described in Chapter 1: it was simple and it made definite predictions that could be tested by observation. One of these predictions was that the number of galaxies or similar objects in any given volume of space should be the same wherever and whenever we look in the universe. In the late 1950s and early 1960s a survey of sources of radio waves from outer space was carried out at Cambridge by a group of astronomers led by Martin Ryle (who had also worked with Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle on radar during the war). The Cambridge group showed that most of these radio sources must lie outside our galaxy (indeed many of them could be identified with other galaxies) and also that there were many more weak sources than strong ones.
Radar 雷达
Survey 调查
事实上，我们所有的科学理论都是基于空间——时间是光滑的和几乎平坦的基础上被表述的，所以它们在空间——时间曲率为无穷大的大爆炸点处失效。这表明，即使在大爆炸前存在事件，人们也不可能用之去确定之后所要发生的事件，因为可预见性在大爆炸处失效了。
正是这样，与之相应的，如果我们只知道在大爆炸后发生的事件，我们也不能确定在这之前发生的事件。就我们而言，发生于大爆炸之前的事件不能有后果，所以并不构成我们宇宙的科学模型的一部分。因此，我们应将它们从我们模型中割除掉，并宣称时间是从大爆炸开始的。
很多人不喜欢时间有个开端的观念，可能是因为它略带有神的干涉的味道。（另一方面，天主教抓住了大爆炸模型，并在1951年正式宣布，它和《圣经》相一致。）所以，许多人企图避免大爆炸曾经存在过的这一结论。所谓的稳态理论得到过最广泛的支持。这是由两个纳粹占领的奥地利来的难民，赫曼·邦迪和托马斯·高尔德，以及一个战时和他们一道从事研制雷达的英国人，弗雷得·霍伊尔于1948年共同提出的。其想法是，当星系互相离开时，在它们中的间隙由正在连续产生的新物质不断地形成新的星系。因此，在空间的所有地方以及在所有的时间，宇宙看起来大致是相同的。稳态理论需要对广义相对论进行修正，使之允许物质的。连续生成，但是其产生率是如此之低（大约每立方公里每年才产生一个粒子），以至于不与实验相冲突。在第一章叙述的意义上，这是一个好的科学理论：它非常简单，并做出确定的预言让观察检验。其中一个预言是，我们在宇宙的任何时候任何地方看给定的空间体积内星系或类似物体的数目必须一样。本世纪50年代晚期和60年代早期，由马丁·赖尔（他战时也和邦迪·高尔德以及霍伊尔共事作雷达研究）领导的一个天文学家小组在剑桥对从外空间来的射电源进行了普查。这个小组指出，这些射电源的大部分是位于我们星系之外（它们之中的许多确实可被认证与其他星系相关），并且存在的弱源比强源多得多。
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