They interpreted the weak sources as being the more distant ones, and the stronger ones as being nearer. Then there appeared to be less common sources per unit volume of space for the nearby sources than for the distant ones. This could mean that we are at the center of a great region in the universe in which the sources are fewer than elsewhere.
Alternatively, it could mean that the sources were more numerous in the past, at the time that the radio waves left on their journey to us, than they are now. Either explanation contradicted the predictions of the steady state theory.
Moreover, the discovery of the microwave radiation by Penzias and Wilson in 1965 also indicated that the universe must have been much denser in the past. The steady state theory therefore had to be abandoned.
Another attempt to avoid the conclusion that there must have been a big bang, and therefore a beginning of time, was made by two Russian scientists, Evgenii Lifshitz and Isaac Khalatnikov, in 1963. They suggested that the big bang might be a peculiarity of Friedmann’s models alone, which after all were only approximations to the real universe. Perhaps, of all the models that were roughly like the real universe, only Friedmann’s would contain a big bang singularity. In Friedmann’s models, the galaxies are all moving directly away from each other - so it is not surprising that at some time in the past they were all at the same place. In the real universe, however, the galaxies are not just moving directly away from each other - they also have small sideways velocities. So in reality they need never have been all at exactly the same place, only very close together. Perhaps then the current expanding universe resulted not from a big bang singularity, but from an earlier contracting phase; as the universe had collapsed the particles in it might not have all collided, but had flown past and then away from each other, producing the present expansion of the the universe that were roughly like Friedmann’s models but took account of the irregularities and random velocities of galaxies in the real universe. They showed that such models could start with a big bang, even though the galaxies were no longer always moving directly away from each other, but they claimed that this was still only possible in certain exceptional models in which the galaxies were all moving in just the right way. They argued that since there seemed to be infinitely more Friedmann-like models without a big bang singularity than there were with one, we should conclude that there had not in reality been a big bang. They later realized, however, that there was a much more general class of Friedmann-like models that did have singularities, and in which the galaxies did not have to be moving any special way. They therefore withdrew their claim in 1970.
Velocity 速度
他们将弱源解释为更遥远的源，强源为较近的源。结果发现，单位空间体积内普通的源在近处比远处稀少。这可能表明，我们处于宇宙的一个巨大区域的中心，在这儿的源比其他地方稀少。另外的一个解释是，宇宙在射电开始发出的过去的那一时刻具有比我们现有的更密集的源。任何一种解释都和稳态理论相矛盾。况且，1965年彭齐亚斯和威尔逊的微波背景辐射的发现又指出，宇宙在过去必须密集得多。因此稳态理论必须被抛弃。
1963年，两位苏联科学家欧格尼·利弗席兹和伊萨克·哈拉尼可夫做了另一个尝试，设法避免存在大爆炸并因此引起时间起点的问题。他们提出；大爆炸可能只是弗利德曼模型的特性，这个模型毕竟只是真实宇宙的近似。也许，所有大体类似实在宇宙的模型中，只有弗利德曼模型包含大爆炸点。在弗利德曼模型中，所有星系都是直接互相离开——所以一点不怪，在过去的某一时刻它们必须在同一处。然而，在实际的宇宙中，星系不仅仅是直接互相离开——它也有一点横向速度。所以，在现实中它们从来没必要在同一处，只不过非常靠近而已。也许，现在膨胀着的宇宙不是大爆炸点的结果，而是从早期的收缩相而来的；当宇宙坍缩时，其中的粒子可以不都碰撞，而是互相离得很近穿过然后又离开，产生了现在的宇宙膨胀。何以得知这实际的宇宙是否从大爆炸开始的呢？利弗席兹和哈拉尼可夫研究的模型大体和弗利德曼模型相像，但是考虑了实际宇宙中的星系的不规则性和杂乱速度。他们指出，即使星系不再总是直接互相离开，这样的模型也可从一个大爆炸开始。但是他们宣称，这只可能发生在一定的例外的模型中，星系在这儿以正确的方式运动。他们论证道；似乎没有大爆炸点的类弗利德曼模型比有此点的模型多无限多倍，所以我们的结论应该是，实际中没有过大爆炸。然而，他们后来意识到，存在更为广泛的具有性的类弗利德曼模型，星系在那儿并不需要以任何特别的方式运动。所以，1970年他们收回了自己的宣布。
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