科技論文的英文摘要應該這樣寫

英文摘要的分類


科技論文的英文摘要應該這樣寫

用英文撰寫的科技論文摘要和用其他文種撰寫的科技論文摘要是一樣的,只是文種的區別而已。關於摘要的分類問題,國內部分學者與國外學者雖有分歧,但大同小異。如《科技書刊標準化18講》主編陳浩元先生把摘要分為報道性摘要、指示性摘要和報道-指示性摘要,而國外學者一般將科技論文摘要分為兩種,即報道性摘要(Informative Abstracts)和指示性摘要(Indicative Abstracts)。

報道性摘要,旨在壓縮全文。這類摘要內容應該包括提出問題、研究該問題的方法、基本數據和結論。通常通過讀此類摘要就可以瞭解全文的主要內容。

指示性摘要有時被稱為描述性摘要(Indicative Abstract)。這類摘要旨在闡明文章的主題,使廣大讀者很容易地做出是否閱讀全文的決定。然而,由於其描述性而不是其本質,因而很少是全文的替代物。因此,指示性摘要不應該寫成研究論文的標題式摘要,但指示性摘要可以用於綜述論文、會議報告、政府報告文獻等,這類指示性摘要對文獻數據庫通常具有較大價值。

至於報道-指示性摘要是介於上述兩者之間的一種摘要形式,主要是以報道性摘要的形式表述信息價值較高的內容,而以指示性摘要的形式表述其餘內容。當前國際國內的科技論文主要採用報道性摘要。

英文摘要的內容

在中文科技論文中,英文摘要應自成體系。它具有獨立性和自明性,是通篇文章的概括和總結,應該反映文章的全貌。因此一篇英文摘要應該用簡明、精煉、確切的文字向廣大讀者提供儘可能多的定性和定量的信息。

一篇摘要應視為一篇論文的最短形式。摘要應是一篇論文主要組成部分,即序言、材料與方法、結果和討論的簡單概括總結。換句話說,摘要可以定義為一篇文獻的總結。

一篇寫得好的摘要能使讀者迅速瞭解一篇文獻的基本內容,準確地把握與讀者所研究的課題的相互關係,從而決定是否閱讀全文。一篇摘要不應超過250個字,應清楚表達該文論述的內容。

摘要應:①說明研究的範圍和主要對象;②描述所用方法;③總結結果;④闡明主要結論。結論的重要性從其三次,即在摘要,其次在序言,再次在討論三部分內容中分別被強調指出,足以被說明。

摘要不要表述文內不曾出現的信息與結論。摘要也不應引用其論文所引用的文獻(除少數情況,如已發表過的方法的改進)。

寫摘要時要記住,摘要要自身發表,應自成體系,即摘要不應包含書刊評述,圖、表及文獻……摘要應使用廣大讀者熟悉的語言,剔除含糊不清的縮略語和簡稱。儘可能在寫完論文正文之後再寫摘要。

現通過一個化學科學英文摘要的具體實例,說明英文摘要的內容和寫作方法。

例1:A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic poly-propylene has been carried out by using differential scanning calorimetry.The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid phase.At extrusion ratio(ER)greater than four,two melting peaks were observed.With increasing ER,the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature.The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less.It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character.


此例回答瞭如下四個問題:

做了什麼?(研究工作範圍)

——用DSC研究聚丙烯的熔融行為

怎樣做的?(實驗要點)

——固體拉伸取向

結果如何?(主要結果)

——兩個熔融峰及其隨拉伸比的變化

原因何在?(結果的解釋,結論)

——存在不同晶體

下面列舉就回答上述四個問題的一些基本句式。

(1)研究範圍

(to be)carried out

performed

made

conducted

studied

investigated

described

dealt with

elucidated

given

presented

developed

employed

derived

prepared

synthesized

monitored

determined

measured

observed

recorded

examined

characterized

identified

tested

calculated

proposed

used to study

used to establish

evaluated

discussed

(2)實驗要點

(to be)prepared by the reaction of..…with...

synthesized via reacting

obtained via condensation

by means of

by using

by the use of

using...as...

over a wide range of...

over a broad composition range

over most of the range of...

over the entire...range

covere the ranges from...to...

in the range of...

in the temperature range from..…to...

with a variety of...contents

containing...percent or more...

in the presence of...

in the absence of...

(3)主要結論

用That從句表示實驗結果:

The results indicate that...

The results show that...

The results demonstrate that...

The results reveal that...

由 It 引起的 that 從句:

It was shown that…

It can be seen that…

It was found that…(這類句子,採用主動語態會更加簡明,如此句可改寫成:we found...)

It was discovered that...

It was concluded that...

It has been demonstrated that...

It was clarified that...

It was revealed that...

It is considered that...

It was confirmed that...

It is suggested that...

It was supposed that...

It has become apparent that...

以 to be後的表語成分表示測定、計算等的結果。例如:

The rate constant of the catalytic reaction was calculated to be 5.67×105cm3·mol-1·s-1.

The theoretical equation was proved to be correct by the experimental results.

表示具有某種影響以及數量的依賴、增減關係:

.….與.……有關

..(to be)correlated with...

associated with...

related to...

dependent upon...

independent of..

in relation to...

in a linear relationship with.:.

proportional to...

inversely proportional to...

..depends on...

The dependence of...on...

...increase with the increase of...

...decrease with the increase of...

(不)相符的表示方法

...(to be)in good agreement with...

...(to be)found to agree well with...

...(to be)consistent with...

...(to be)essentially identical with...

...(to be)found to coincide essentially with...

...(to be)closely analogous to..

...(to be)similar to...

Good agreement(to be)found between...

...(to be)contrary to...

...(to be)in contrast with...

(4)結果解釋(結論)

...(to be)due to

...(to be)attributed to...

(may be)

...(to be)assigned to...

...(to be)interpreted on the basis of....

...can be caused by...

...may be explained by...

...originate in...

...(to be)discussed in terms of...

對於國內相當部分的作者而言,由於英文水平所限,要用簡明、精煉、準確無誤的英文表述作者本人的新思想、新理論、新方法、新結果或新產品還不是一件容易的事情。因此只有不斷提高英文水平,有了紮實的英文基本功,寫起英文摘要來才會得心應手。

撰寫英文摘要的注意事項

科技論文摘要其一是向相關的讀者介紹論文的主要內容,在當今高科技突飛猛進發展、科技信息浩如煙海的時代,讀者檢索到相關論文題目之後,只要大致閱讀一下摘要的內容就可以決定是否有必要閱讀全文。其二是向相關文獻數據庫提供二次文獻檢索內容。用中文發表科技論文的廣大科技工作者撰寫英文摘要除了上述兩個目的之外,還有第三個目的,那就是為了擴大學術交流範圍。因此撰寫英文摘要時,除了要考慮摘要的具體內容以外,還要注意文字表述簡明扼要、符合英語規範。

1、簡明扼要

英文摘要內容包括研究的目的,方法,結果和結論,它具有相對的獨立性,自明性,能量化的儘量加以量化,給讀者提供主要的信息,不要把與論文無關,或關係不大,以及本學科已成為常識性的東西寫在英文摘要裡。下面通過三個具體英文摘要的分析加以說明。

例2:The effect of thefunctionallization of POMs on their properties was examined by the comparisonbetween both titanium and its corresponding cyclopentadienylsubstitutedpolyoxocomplexes.The polarographic half-wave potential of the complexesindicated that the effect of the functionallization of POMs increased theoxidizing ability of the polyoxoanions.The inhibitory effects of the CpTi polyoxocomplexeson tumor cells are higher than those of the corresponding titaniumpolyoxocomplexesand the toxicity of the former is lower than that of thelatter.The oxygenation reactions of cyclohexene,styrene,trans-stilbene and maleic acid with PhIO or hydrogen peroxide(30% aqueous solution)catalyzed respectivelyby Ti and CpTi polyoxocomplexes were compared.

該篇英文摘要主要是闡述由金屬鈦和茂基鈦取代的多金屬鎢酸鹽類的催化活性和生物活性的比較。摘要只是概括地指出多金屬氧酸鹽的官能團化增強了多金屬氧酸鹽的氧化能力,茂基鈦取代的多金屬氧酸鹽對腫瘤細胞的抑制效應要強於由鈦取代相應的多金屬氧酸鹽對腫瘤細胞的抑制效應。這篇英文摘要雖然簡明、概括、定性,但是缺少量化的東西,也就是具體數據沒有給出來,實際上在文中有許多關於催化活性和生物活性的具體數據,在摘要中應詳細給出,而本摘要卻忽略了這一點。

例3:Crazy dynamics isgiven by a compact metric space and its Crazy maps,whereCrazy maps are a family of skew products from ∑N×S1 into itself. In this paper we investigate itstopological entropy,and point out its range:logN~2logN.Moreover,we give a more exact result whenthe rotation maps occur in the fiber maps.

本篇英文摘要主要是介紹瘋狂動力系統的拓撲熵,指出了它的範圍logN~2logN並給出了多纖維映射中含有旋轉映射時瘋狂動力系統拓撲熵的範圍。由於數學證明的是單個命題,內容一般較簡單,這是可以理解的,但是,該英文摘要將“瘋狂動力系統由作用在底空間乏∑N×S1上的瘋狂映射生成,其中瘋狂映射是從乘積空間∑N×S1到自身的一類斜積映射”之類的常識性內容也寫在摘要中,這是沒有必要的,應予以剔除。這篇英文摘要過於簡單,所要求的內容不全,給讀者提供不出具有參考價值的信息,這樣三言五語的摘要二次文獻一般是不摘錄的。

例4:Although reactive O2 species appear to participate incentral nervous system(CNS)O2toxicity,the exact roles of different reactive O2species are undetermined. To study the contribution of extracellular superoxideanion(O2-)to CNS Oetoxicity we constructed transgenic mice overexpressinghuman extracellular superoxide dismutase(ECSOD;superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase,EC1.15.1.1) in the brain. Remarkably, when exposed to 6 atm (1 atm=101.3kPa) ofhyperbaric oxygen for 25 min, transgenic mice demonstrated highermortality(83%) than nontransgenic littermates(33% ; P<0.017). Pretreatmentwith diethyldithiocarbamate, which inhibits both ECSOD and Cu/Zn superoxidedismutase(Cu/Zn SOD) activity, increased resistance to CNS O2toxicity,in terms of both survival(100% in transgenics and 93% in nontransgenics) andresistance to seizures(4-fold increase in seizure latency in both transgenic andnon-transgenic mice;P<0.05). Thus , O2 apparently protectsagainst CNS O2 toxicity. We hypothesized that O2decreasedtoxicity by inactivating nitric oxide(NO·).To test this, we inhibited NOsynthase(EC 1.14.23) with N"-nitro-Larginineto determine whether NO' contributes to enhanced CNS O2 toxicity in transgenicmice.N"-nitro-L-arginine protected both transgenic and nontransgenic miceagainst CNS O2toxicity(100% survival and a 4-fold delay in time tofirstseizure;P<0.05), as well as abolishing the difference in sensitivity toCNS Oa toxicity between transgenic and nontransgenic mice. These resultsimplicate NO. as an important mediator in CNS O2 toxicity andsuggest that ECSOD increases CNS O2 toxicity by inhibiting O2-mediated inactivation of NO·.

與前兩個英文摘要相比,這篇英文摘要除了簡明、概括之外,它明顯地具有量化的數據,這樣就為廣大讀者提供許多具體有用的信息,因此,從內容上考慮,英文摘要應注意其簡明、具體、量化。所謂簡明、精煉並不意味著文字越少越好,而是用最少的文字傳遞最多的信息。三言五語的簡單概括,只是抽象的表述,讀者很難得到具體的信息。因此,在簡明、精煉的基礎上要給出具體、翔實的信息。

2、符合英語規範

英文摘要所表達的內容必須清楚,給讀者一個清晰的概念,每個句子只能有一種理解,不應出現模稜兩可,模糊不清,或兩種可能的理解,這樣就失去了科學性。

任何一篇科技論文的英文摘要都是由大小長短不等的句子構成的。如果每個句子都能清楚地表述所要表達的內容,而且真正全面概括了全篇論文的要點,具體、翔實、定性、定量地說明問題,這篇論文的英文摘要就能清楚地闡述相關的道理、方法、結論或新思想等,從而達到預期的目的。因此英文表述是否規範是十分重要的,其關鍵在於如何處理好每個英文句子。為此應注意以下幾點。

(1)句子的語法結構正確、語意清楚、邏輯合理要想清楚地表述所要表達的內容,首先要使句子的語法結構正確,這是準確、清晰表達的基礎。如果句子的語法結構不合理,讀者就不知所云。其次是語意必須清楚,科技論文中的每一個句子都有其相關的內涵,失去了科學的內涵,句子也就失去了表達的意義,有時還會造成誤解。第三要注意用詞得當,一個句子語法結構正確,語意也清楚,但往往由於用詞不當,就會導致邏輯上的差錯,使之失去科學性。因此,判斷一個英文句子的正確與否,必須考察其語法結構、語意、邏輯關係以及詞彙表達準確性。下面通過幾個例子加以分析說明。

例5:The influence of dispersant agent in inverse suspensionpolymerization on the configuration of products are investigated.

這個句子明顯地出現語法結構錯誤,主語是單數形式,謂語卻用的是複數形式,此外,詞與詞、詞與短語之間的修飾關係也不緊湊、再次,由於不能正確地使用冠詞,使得個別名詞失去了具體的特指性,而帶有泛指性,進而使句子表述的內容失真。

修改後的句子:

The influence of the dispersant agent onthe configuration of the products in the inverse suspension polymerization wasinvestigated.

經過修改後,句中的詞間的修飾關係更緊湊,加之合理地使用冠詞,就會使句意更加嚴謹。

例6:Then,the electrodes were inserted and theperistaltic pump was started to supply the reactants,thatis,the overall feed stream was 0.36 mol/L H2O2,2.5×102 mol/L NaSCN,1.5×105 mol/L copper(Ⅱ),3.0×10-3mol/LNaOH and 0.2 mol/L NaCl,at a constant flow rate of 0.3mL/min of each channel.

本句的句法結構基本上是對的,但是語意不十分清楚。首先電極插在什麼地方不清楚,其次是進料共3個通道,文中沒有說明,這樣就很難理解通過不同的通道進料是固定不變的這樣一種概念。修改後的句子如下:

Then,theelectrodes were inserted into the vessel and the peristaltic pump was startedup to supply the reactants,that is,the overall feed stream contained 0.36 mol/L HaO2,2.5×102mol/L NaSCN,1.5×10-5 copper(Ⅱ),3.0×10-3 mol/L NaOH and 0.2 mol/LNaCl,which entered into the vessel at a constant flowrate of 0.3mL/min of each of the 3 feeding channels.

例7:The maximum absorption spectra of cis-PP mainly originate from x→π*electronic transition between HOMO and LUMO(HOMO=thehighest energy occupied molecular orbital,LUMO=thelowest energy unoccupied molecular orbital).

此句的語法結構是正確的,語意也是清楚的,但邏輯上不合理.其原因就在於不存在最大最小的吸收光譜,作為光譜,其吸收譜帶(Band)或吸收的峰值(Peak)有強弱、大小之分,其極值就是最大吸收,因此此句去掉spectra,再用謂語動詞的相應形式(Originates),這個句子就是一個清晰、明確的句子。

例8:Twenty tablets of enoxacin were weighed accurately and calculatedthe everage tablet weight.

這本來是一個並列句,而作者卻硬把它作為一個簡單句處理,這樣做的結果造成第二個動詞(calculated)無主語偷偷地換掉了,因為本句的主語20 tablets ofenoxacin不能產生 calculate 的動作。修改後的句子如下:

Enoxacin of 20tablets was accurately weighed and the averaged tablet weight was calculated.

(2)關於時態

撰寫英文摘要時,如何選擇時態的問題,國內和國外的學者都有不同的說法。如國內有人主張動詞時態以一般現在時為主。國外有人認為,摘要應以過去時為主,因為是屬業已完成的工作。

撰寫英文摘要時,時態的使用不要絕對化:或者都用一般現在時,或者都用一般過去時,應視具體情況而定。如果闡述過去所做的工作就用一般過去時,如果闡述由過去的工作所得出的結論,那麼考慮到科學的客觀性,就應用一般現在時。

(3)切忌使用無主語句

在撰寫英文摘要時,國內部分作者經常按漢語習慣套用無主語句,使得英文表述產生一系列的無主語句子,而且各無主語句之間經常出現銜接關係不清楚,給讀者造成誤解。在這種情況下,應使用被動語態,從而克服無主語句錯誤。看下面一段文字:

After preparationof electrocompetent P. aeruginosa strains,set the electroporationapparatus Maltiporator(Eppendorf,Germany)to 1.6-2.5kV,25 μF and the pulse controller to 200omegas. Added 1-5 μL DNA2yme(orcontrol DNA2yme,or H2O)to tubes containing 40 μL ofelectrocompetent cells(1×10-7CFU)on ice and performed electroporation. At the end ofelectroporation,removed the cuvette from the samplechamber added 5 mL MH-broth,transferred the cells to asterile polypropylene culture tube and added ciprofloxacin whose concentrationwas equal to the strains MICs of ciprofloxacin. Incubated cultures for 24 hoursat 37 ℃ with moderate shaking to allow for P. aeruginosagrowth and then measured optical density at 420nm.

這一段文字中,絕大部分句子使用的是無主語句。雖然讀者也明白每個句子的含義,但這些無主語句畢竟不是規範化的英語。當然,除了無主語句的錯誤之外,還有冠詞的使用也不規範。因此經改用被動語態表述之後,再正確地使用冠詞,這段文字就會更加符合英語的規範。

After thepreparation of electrocompetent P.aeruginosa strains,theelectro-poration apparatus Multiporator(Eppendorf,Germany)was set to 1.6—2.5kV,25 μF and thepulse controller to 200 omegas.DNAzyme of1-5uL(orcontrol DNAzyme,or H2O)was added to the tubes containing 40 μL ofelectro-competent cells(1×10-7CFU)on ice and electroporation was performed. At the end ofelectroporation,the sample in the cuvette taken fromthe sample chamberwas added to 5 mL of MH-broth,thecells were transferred to a sterile polypro-pylene culture tube followed byadding ciprofloxacin whose concentration was equal to the strains MICs ofciprofloxacin. The cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ℃ with moderate shaking to allow P.aeruginosa to grow and then theoptical density was measured at 420 nm.

(4)正確使用分詞獨立結構

分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,其分詞所表示的動作在邏輯上要有主語,這種邏輯上的主語也可以是句子的主語,也可以有它自己獨立的主語,這種主語常常是名詞或代詞,放在分詞或分詞短語之前,構成邏輯上的主謂結構。這種邏輯主語加上分詞或分詞短語就叫分詞獨立結構。

分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,其動作是句子的主語產生的,否則,它必須有自己的邏輯主語。不然,就會出現語法錯誤。國內的部分科技工作者在使用分詞或分詞短語時,總是忘記其邏輯主語。因而犯了語法上的錯誤,就是國外的部分科技工作者,犯此類錯誤也是不乏其人,甚至這種錯誤竟然出現在大標題中。例如:

Facile Synthesis ofAluminum-containing Mixed-metal Oxides Using Doped Carboxylate AlumoxaneNanoparticles.

這是一篇文章的標題,使用了分詞 using,卻不見邏輯主語。至於在正文中出現類似的錯誤那就更是司空見慣了。例如:

Therefore,aspart of our research program in the development of ceramic materials andtechniques,the ability to prepare highly phase-purealuminates simply and at reduced temperatures was investigated usingcarboxylate alumoxanes.

Using the samework-up procedure as in the synthesis of(TCP)Ti(CH2·PH)2 above,0.35 g of the title complex was isolated as a colorless crystallinesolid.

Proteinconcentrations were determined with the PIERCETM Coomassie PlusProtein Assay Reagent using BSA as standard.

Infrared spectrawere recorded as KBr disks using a Nicolet 710 FF-IR spectrometer.

其實,像這樣缺少邏輯主語的分詞短語可以用相應的介詞如with代替using,或在using前加介詞 by或 via 將其變成動名詞就可以解決了。

(5)正確使用介詞

在英語中,介詞也是很活躍的詞類之一,並且也是頻繁使用的詞類。在科技論文英文摘要中使用得最頻繁的兩個介詞就算 by 和 with 了。特別是在寫英文摘要時,為了客觀性、簡明性、開門見山,經常使用被動語態。介詞 by 和 with 都可以用於被動語態的句子。但應該指出的是英語有個習慣的表達方式,即with表示使用工具或由…….材料構成等,by則表示採用的方式,在使用時,不要混淆。

如:The active fractionswere further purified on a column of CM Sephadex(NH4+)by gradient elution with water-1.5 mol/L ammonium hydroxide. UVspectra were obtained with a Hewlett-Packard Model 8453 Spectrometer.

有關介詞的用法之後可以再詳細介紹。

(6)注意結構的緊湊性

英語句子結構嚴謹、句間關係明確,因此要使修飾語緊靠在其所修飾的詞、短語和從句。

例如:The weak absorptionpeak in the visible region(λ=468 nm in DMF,λ=479 nm in CH2Cl2)isassigned to the LMCT transition of the electrons in the Pπ orbitals of the phenol oxygen atom and oxime oxygen atom to the dunoccupied orbitals of the vanadium,while the strongerabsorption peak in the UV region(λ=320 nm in DMF,λ=319 nm in CHaCl2) is assigned to the π-π* transition of the ligand.


科技論文的英文摘要應該這樣寫


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