高考英語大綱規定的24個語法梳理(四)


5

非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義


在某些句型中可用動名詞和不定式的主動形式表被動意義。


⒈ 在need,want,require,bear等詞的後面,動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義,其含義相當於動詞不定式的被動形式。

如:The house needs repairing(to be repaired).這房子需要修理。


⒉ 形容詞worth後面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義,但不能跟動詞不定式;而worthy後面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。

如:The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)


⒊ 動詞不定式在名詞後面作定語,不定式和名詞之間有動賓關係時,又和句中另一名詞或代詞構成主謂關係,不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。

如:I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.(to do與things是動賓關係,與I 是主謂關係。)


⒋ 在某些“形容詞+不定式”做表語或賓語補足語的結構中,句子的主語或賓語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時,這時常用不定式的主動形式表達被動意義。這些形容詞有 nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。

如:This problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out 省略了for me).


⒌ 在too…to…結構中,不定式前面可加邏輯主語,所以應用主動形式表示被動意義。

如:This book is too expensive (for me)to buy.


⒍ 在there be…句型中,當動詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時,不定式用主動形式作定語,重點在人,用被動形式作定語,重點在物。

如:There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用to lose 可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,誰lost time不明確。)


⒎ 在be to do結構中的一些不定式通常應用主動表主動,被動表被動。然而,由於古英語的影響,下列動詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。

例:Who is to blame for starting the fire?


6

介詞in,on,under等+名詞構成介詞短語表被動意義


表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用,含被動之義,其意義相當於該名詞相應動詞的被動形式,名詞前一般不用冠詞。


⒈ "under +名詞”結構,表示“某事在進行中”

常見的有:

under control(受控制)

under treatment(在治療中)

under repair(在修理中)

under discussion(在討論中)

under construction(在施工中)

如:The building is under construction(is being constructed).


⒉ “beyond+名詞"結構,“出乎…….勝過……、範圍、限度”

常見的有:

beyond belief(令人難以置信)

beyond one's reach(鞭長莫及)

beyond one's control(無法控制)

如:The rumour is beyond belief=cant be believed.


⒊ "above+名詞”結構,表示(品質、行為、能力等)超過……高於……"

如:His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough.


⒋ for+名詞“結構,表示“適於……為著……”

如:for sale(出售),for rent(出租)等。

That house is for sale.(=That house is to be sold).


⒌ “n+名詞“結構,表示“在…….過程中或範圍內“

常見的有:

in print(在印刷中)

in sight在視野範圍內)

如:The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)


⒍ "on+名詞”結構,表示“在從事……中”

常見的有:

on sale(出售)

on show(展出)

on trial(受審)

如:Today some treasures are on show in the museum(=are being showed).


⒎ “out of+名詞”結構;表示“超出……之外

常見的有:

out of control(控制不了)

out of sight(超出視線之外)

out of one's reach(夠不著)

out of fashion(不流行)

如:The plane was out of control (can't be controlled)。


⒏ "within+名詞“結構,“在……內、不超過……"

例:He took two days off within the teacher's permission


7

被動語態與系表結構的區別


當“be+過去分詞“作被動語態時表示主語承受的動作;作系表結構時表示主語的特點或所處的狀態時,be後面的過去分詞是表語,相當於形容詞。其區分辦法如下:


⒈ 如果強調動作或句中有介詞by引導出動作的執行者,該句一般為被動語態,否則為系表結構。

如:The glass is broken(系表結構)

The glass was broken by the boy(被動語態)


⒉ 如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時,一般為被動語態。

如:The door is locked(系表結構)

The door has already/just been locked(被動語態)


⒊ 被動語態除用於一般時態和完成時態外,還可以用於其他各種時態,而系表結構中的系動詞be只有一般時態和完成時態。

如:The machine is being repaired.


高考英語大綱規定的24個語法梳理(四)

★ 動詞不定式


1

不定式的構成及變形


動詞不定式是由不定式符號to+動詞原形構成,在某些情況下to也可省略。


⒈ 不定式的一般式

不定式的一般式表示的動作通常與謂語的動作同時或幾乎同時發生,或是在它之後發生。

如:He appears to be very happy.(同時發生)

To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi.(to catch the train發生在hurry to the station之後)


⒉ 不定式的進行式

不定式的進行式表示正在進行的或與謂語動詞同時發生的動作。

如:It happened to be raining when I got there.


⒊ 不定式的完成式

不定式的完成式表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發生。

如:I'm sorry to have lost your key.


⒋ 不定式的完成進行式

不定式的完成進行式表示的動作在謂語之前發生並且一直進行著。

如:He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.

不定式的時態意義:

如:He is said to be studying abroad.(不定式的進行式表示動作正在進行)

He is said to have studied abroad.(不定式的完成式表示動作已經結束)


⒌ 不定式的被動形式

當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式。不定式的被動形式根據其與謂語動作發生的先後關係,有一般式和完成時兩種。

① 一般式 to be done

如:These are the books to be given out to the students.

② 完成式 to have been done

如:The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.


⒍ 不定式的否定形式

不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式構成。

如:We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由於天氣不好,我們決定不出去。

注意:謂語動詞的否定和不定式的否定不同的意義

如:I did not promise to wake him up. 我沒有答應叫醒他。

I promised not to wake him up. 我答應了不叫醒他。


2

不定式句法功能


不定式可以作句子的主語、賓語、賓語補足語、表語、定語、狀語等成分。


⒈ 作主語

如:To hear from you is nice.

To be a good teacher is not easy.

不定式作主語時,為了保持句子的平衡,往往以it作形式主語,而不定式置於謂語動詞後。

如:It's nice to hear from you.

It's not easy to be a good teacher.


⒉ 作賓語

通常用於afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seek, threaten, trouble, wait, want, wish等動詞後面。

如:I forgot to lock the door.

Please remember to write to me.

記憶口訣:

三個希望兩答應(hope,wish,want,agree,promise)

一個要求莫拒絕(demand,refuse)

設法學會做決定(manage,decide)

不要假裝在選擇(pretend,choose)


⒊ 作表語

如:My job is to pick up letters.

He seemed to have heard nothing.


⒋ 作定語

在the first, the second, the third, the last等之後通常接不定式作定語。作定語時須放在被修飾的名詞之後:

如:He is always the first one to get up.

I have a few words to say on this question.

主動形式表被動含義:

如:I have a book to read.

It is easy to read.

Have you anything to send?

比較:Have you anything to be sent?

She is the last to come.

He is looking for a room to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.


⒌ 作賓補

通常用於advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, convince, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, require, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn等詞後。

如:He ordered her to leave at once.

He was forced to obey his mother’s order.


⒍ 作狀語

不定式作狀語時通常表示目的,不定式用作目的狀語有兩個可能的位置,一是在句首,二是在句末。一般說來,用於句首屬於強調性用法,即強調動詞的目的。也可用於“be adj. to do”結構中作原因狀語。

如:He got up early to catch the first bus.

To finish the task on time, we have to work hard.

I'm happy to hear the news.

I'm surprised to see him here.

only to...往往表示“意想不到”的結果;never to...可以接後續的結果。so...as to..., such... as to..., enough to..., only to...以及too...to...等結構中的不定式也表結果

如:Her father disappeared, never to be heard again.

I went to the bank only to find it was closed.


3

不定式和現在分詞作狀語的區別


⒈ 作目的狀語。不定式作目的狀語,帶有很強的目的性,有時可以把(in order) to do置於句首。而現在分詞作目的狀語時,目的和伴隨兼而有之。多放於句末,與主句用逗號隔開。

如:(In order) to ensure success, we must make a complete and through plan.

You should keep it a secret, trying to protect the plan.


⒉ 作結果狀語。不定式作結果狀語表示意外的結果。現在分詞作狀語表示自然的結果。

如:He returned home many years later, only to find that everything had changed.(意外的結果)

It rained heavily last night, causing the river to rise.(自然的結果)


⒊ 作獨立成分

to be honest, to begin with, to start with, to tell you the truth, to make a long story short

如:To tell you the truth, I told a lie.

To begin/start with, let’s sing a song.

To make a long story short, he succeeded in passing the exam.


4

不定式特殊用法


⒈ 用it作形式主語

動詞不定式作主語時,如果主語太長,通常用it作形式主語,將真正的主語——動詞不定式後置。

如:For us to learn English well is necessary.

→It is necessary for us to learn English well.

動詞不定式作主語時,如果將句子變為疑問句,應使用it作形式主語。

To walk to the station takes twenty minutes.

→Does it take twenty minutes to walk to the station?


⒉ 用it作形式賓語

某些不能修飾人的形容詞作賓語補足語時,不能用表示人的詞作賓語,應用it作形式賓語,再用動詞不定式的複合結構作真正的賓語;這類形容詞常用的有necessary, easy, hard, common, possible及impossible等。

如:父親的猝死,使得他必須輟學。

誤:His father’s sudden death made him necessary to leave school.

正:His father’s sudden death made it necessary for him to leave school.


⒊ 動詞不定式作定語時是否要介詞

動詞不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞構成動賓關係時,如果動詞不定式的動詞及不及物動詞,或者該動詞不定式本身有賓語,其後面應加上與之用法相應的介詞。

如:We are looking for a room to live in.

但被修飾的名詞為place, time, way等時,則往往省略介詞。

如:That’s a nice place to work(in).


⒋ 不定式主動式和被動式作定語區別

動詞不定式作定語時,如果其表示的動作為句子的主語發出時,該動詞不定式一般用主動式;如果動詞不定式表示的動作不是句子的主語發出的,該動詞不定式應用被動式。

如:I am going to the shop because I have something to buy.(“buy”這個動作是句子的主語“I”發出的,故用主動式to buy)

I am going to the shop. Do you have anything to be bought? (“buy”這個動作不是句子的主語“you”發出的,故用被動式to be bought)


⒌ “too...to...”結構

① “too +形容詞或副詞+ to do”中的動詞不定式表示結果,含有否定的意義,意思是“太……以致不能……”

如:The problem was too complicated for us to solve.

② 但下列結構表示肯定含義。

⑴ 當too前或to前有否定詞構成雙重否定時:

如:English is not too difficult to learn. (英語並不太難學。)

He is too wise not to see that. (他很聰明,不會不懂這一點。)

⑵ 當too後是glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, easy, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容詞或副詞時;與這些詞連用時,too前還常加上only, all, but, just, simply等副詞,意思不變,因為這些詞加上too後與very同義。

如:They are too anxious to leave. (他們急於離開。)

He is too ready to help others. (他總是樂於助人。)

I'm only too glad to see you. (見到你非常高興)

They are too pleased to hear the news. (他們聽到這個消息,非常高興。)

⑶ 與cannot連用:

如:You cannot be too careful (=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework.

你做作業越仔細越好(=無論怎樣仔細也不過分).

不定式在句中作定語或真正的主語時:

There are too many problems to be solved. (有很多問題有待解決。)


⒍ in order to與so as to

動詞不定式作目的狀語位於句首時,前面可加in order,但不能加so as;動詞不定式位於句末,則加in order或so as均可。

如:In order to make money, they did anything.

They set out early in order to/ so as to get to the village before 9.


⒎“疑問詞+不定式”結構

“疑問詞+不定式”結構中的疑問詞,包括疑問代詞who,what,which和疑問副詞how,when,where等。這些疑問詞和不定式一起構成了不定式短語,這種結構可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等。

如:How to do it is a question. (作主語)

I really don't know what to write about. (作動詞賓語)

We must first solve the problem of whom to serve. (作介詞賓語)

The question is where to put it. (作表語)

I asked him how to learn English. (作賓語補足語)


⒏ 不定式複合結構

不定式可以與其邏輯主語一起構成不定式複合結構,其形式:“for+名詞/人稱代詞賓格+帶to的不定式”。其中的名詞或人稱代詞賓格與不定式構成邏輯上的主謂關係。

如:It is important for us to learn English well.

但當表語表示不定式的邏輯主語的特徵屬性時要用of,如:good, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, rude, impolite, careless

如:It is very kind of you to help me. = you are kind to help me.


5

不定式符號to省略


⒈ watch, see, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, have後接不定式做賓補時,省略to;但get sb. to do中的to 不能省略。

注意:主動省to的這些句子,變成被動形式時必須加to。

如:I saw him play basketball.

I noticed him come in.

They made me repeat the story.

I was made to repeat the story.


⒉ 當介詞but, except, besides之前有一個實義動詞do (助動詞do及其變化形式除外)時,後面的動詞不定式不帶to。此外,在can not but/except, can not choose but/except, can not help but/except這三個固定用法中,but/except之後的不定式也不帶to。

如:The enemy could not choose but surrender.

I could do nothing except agree to his terms.

Can you do nothing but sell the wedding ring?


⒊ 介詞instead of 前後的兩個成分要相等。如果前面的成分是不定式,則後面的不定式不帶to。

如:He went to play football instead of see a film.

would (had) as soon, had better, had best (不常用) 等之後,不定式省略to。

You had better not smoke.

I’d just as soon come tomorrow.


⒋ 某些慣用法中,than之後的不定式不帶to, 如do nothing else than, do more (less) than, do no more than, would (had) sooner than, would rather than等。

如:I would rather not see him.

The old worker often does more than fulfill his quota.


⒌ why引導的省略問句中。口語中,不帶to的不定式常在why引導的省略句中作謂語。表示不同意或反駁的意見。

如:Why not give her another chance?

Why bother?

Why not do it yourself?


⒍ make, hear, let, go構成慣用語時,常用省略to不定式。

如:Can't you make do with 10 pounds? 10英磅不可以湊合著用嗎?

They let ship the good chance. 他們錯過了那次好機會。

The children made believe that they were generals.孩子們假扮成將軍。


⒎ 動詞go和come之後作狀語時省略to:

不定式在動詞 go 和 come之後作狀語時,在某些情況下總是不帶 to。這種用法在祈使句的go 和come之後最常見。在陳述句中也會出現這種用法,但一般在go 和come不發生形態變化的情況下才出現。

如:Go chase yourself!!(走開,別來搗亂!)

Come sit beside me.

You should go thank him.


⒏ 兩個或兩個以上的不定式並列在一起時,第一個不定式帶to,後面的不定式往往把to省去;但表對照時不能省to:

如:I wish to finish my task and (to) get away.

It is better to laugh than to cry.


6

省略動詞部分


⒈ 為避免重複,口語中常可省去與前邊動詞重複的動詞原形而留下to。

如:—Would you like to go to the films with me?

—I’d like to.


⒉ 如果不定式to後的結構中含有be, have或have been,通常要保留be, have或have been,但隨後的成分仍可省略。

如:—Is your mother a teacher?

—No, but she used to be.

—He hasn’t finished yet.

—Well, he ought to have.


★ 動詞的-ing 形式


1

如何區別動名詞和現在分詞


動名詞和現在分詞的構成相同,即動詞原形ing。那麼,在使用的過程中如何區別它們呢?


⒈ 用法不同

動詞除具有動詞的特徵外,還有名詞的特徵,在句子中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等;而現在分詞除具有動詞的特徵外,還具有形容詞的特徵,在句子中可以作定語、表語、狀語、補語等。


⒉ 區分方法:

① 如果-ing形式在句子中作狀語和補語,那麼它一定是現在分詞。

如:She saw Jim playing with the cat.

Having finished his homework,he went out to play.

② 如果-ing形式在句子中作主語、賓語和同位語,那麼它一定是動名詞。

如:Smoking is harm to your body.

I like swimming.

His aim,going to college,will come true.

③ 作定語的區分方法:如果被修飾的名詞與-ing形式有邏輯上的主謂關係,即都表示所修飾的人或物所發出的動作,那麼它就是現在分詞;如果沒有,那麼它就是動名詞。

如:Do you like sleeping cars?(動名詞)

The sleeping girl is my little sister.(現在分詞)

④ 作表語的區分方法:如果-ing形式相當於一個形容詞,表示主語的性質或特徵,和主語的位置不能互換,那麼ing形式就是現在分詞;如果-ing形式相當於一個名詞,與主語處於同等地位,可以與主語互換位置,那麼ing形式就是動名詞。

如:Her job is feeding these animals.(這句話可以改為:Feeding these animals is her job.因此,feeding是動名詞。)

The book is interesting(這句話不可以改為:Interesting is the book.(所以,interesting是現在分詞。)


2

動詞ing 形式作主語


⒈ 動詞ing形式作主語往往表示經常性、習慣性的動作,謂語動詞用單數。

如:Swimming is my favorite sport.


⒉ 在It is no use/no good/useless/ worthwhile/dangerous/a waste of time 這裡需用動名詞作真正的主語。

如:It is no use waiting for him any longer.

It is a waste of time arguing about it.


⒊ 當句型“There is no.”表示“不允許、禁止某種行為的發生或存在”時,需用動名詞作主語。

如:There is no joking about such matter.這種事開不得玩笑。

There is no point (in)doing sth. 幹……沒意義。

There is no sense(in)doing sth.幹...沒道理/意義

【注意】當動名詞做主語時,其邏輯主語由形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格構成。

如:My sisters being ill made us worried.


3

動詞-ing形式作賓語


⒈ 作動詞的賓語。可接動名詞作賓語的常見動詞可用下面的口語記住:

避免錯過少延期(avoid,miss,postpone)

建議完成多練習(advice,finish,practise)

喜歡想象禁不住(enjoy,imagine,can't help)

承認否認與嫉妒(admit,deny,envy)

逃避冒險莫原諒(escape,risk,excuse)


⒉ 英語中有一些動詞短語也常跟v-ing形式作賓語。常見的跟v-ing形式作賓語的動詞短語有insist on,object to,be good at,lead to,put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be worth,busy等。

如:He insisted on doing it in his own way.他堅持要按自己的方法去做。

I have never dreamed of visiting that place我從未夢想過要參觀那個地方。


⒊ 有些動詞或詞組後跟動詞-ing形式或不定式都可以,但意思不同。

Stop to do sb.停下來去做某事/Stop doing sth.停止做某事

Remember doing sth記得做了某事/Remember to do sth.記住要去做某事

Forget doing sth忘記做了某事/Forget to do sth忘記要去做某事

Regret doing sth後悔做了某事/Regret to do sth.遺憾要去做某事

Mean to do sth想要做某事/Mean doing sth意味著做某事

Try to do sth.努力(企圖)做某事/Try doing sth試著做某事


⒋ 下列動詞可接動詞-ing形式的主動形式表示被動意義,相當於不定式的被動形式。

need/want/require/deserve doing=need/want/require/deserve to be done

① 動詞-ing形式的否定形式

動詞-ing形式的否定形式通常是在其前加not,帶有邏輯主語時not 應放在動詞ing形式之前。

如:Excuse me for my not coming on time.

I'm sorry for not having kept my promise.

② 動詞-ing形式的複合結構

⑴ 動詞ing形式的複合結構由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格,名詞所有格或普通格加動名詞,即“sb./sb.'s+doing”構成。動名詞的複合結構實際上是給動名詞加了一個邏輯主語。

⑵ 動詞-ing形式的複合結構有四種形式:

a. 形容詞性物主代詞+動名詞

b. 名詞‘s動名詞

c. 代詞賓格+動名詞

d. 名詞+動名詞

【注意】動名詞的複合結構可在句中作主語或賓語。作主語時,不能用cd兩種形式。

如:Tom's winning the first prize last year impressed me a lot.湯姆去年得了一等獎使我印象深刻。


4

動詞-ing形式作表語


⒈ 動名詞作表語表示抽象的、一般的行為,現在分詞作表語表示主語的特徵、性質和狀態。

我們最大的幸福是為人民服務。Our greatest happiness is serving the people.(動名詞)

我們的任務是建設社會主義。Our task is building socialism.(動名詞)


⒉ 表示主語的具體內容時候,主語和表語可以相互替換.

如:His job is painting.=Painting is his job.

我們昨晚看的電影十分動人。The film we saw last night is quite moving.(現在分詞)

他的話很鼓舞人。His words are encouraging.(現在分詞)


⒊ 常用來作表語的現在分詞有astonishing,amusing,confusing,disappointing,boring,encouraging,inspiring,moving,tiring,interesting,surprising等;常譯為”令人如何的”

① 動名詞作表語和主語是等值關係,兩者有時可以互換,句子意思不變;動名詞後面可以接賓語、狀語。

② 現在分詞作表語和主語不是對等關係,現在分詞後面不能接賓語,但它前面可以有修飾性的副詞,如very,rather等。


5

動詞-ing形式作定語


⒈ 動名詞作定語用來說明該名詞的用途,不表示名詞本身的動作;現在分詞作定語與所修飾的名詞具有邏輯上的主謂關係,即現在分詞相當於所修飾名詞的謂語。

如:我們必須改進工作方法。We must improve our working method.(動名詞)

他們將手術檯架設在一座小廟裡。They set up an perating table in a small temple.(動名詞)

中國是發展中國家。China is a developing country.(現在分詞)

正在做實驗的那個學生是我們的班長。

The studentmaking the experiment is our monitor.(現在分詞)


⒉ 動名詞短語不能作定語,單個的動名詞可以用作定語,但僅作前置定語。

如:working method=method for working工作方法


⒊ 單個分詞和分詞短語都可作定語,單個分詞一般作前置定語,分詞短語則作後置定語,相當於一個定語從句。

如:the man visiting Japan=the man who is visiting Japan.


6

動詞ing 形式作賓補


⒈ 動名詞不能作賓語補足語。現在分詞作賓補表示的是正在發生的動作。

如:我看見他正在上樓。I saw him going upstairs.

我們看著她在過大街。We watched her crossing the street.

我們聽見她在房間裡唱歌。We heard her singing in her room


⒉ 表示感覺的詞(感觀動詞)和表示狀態動詞:see look at/notice/watch/observe/catch /feel/find /smell/ hear/ listen to+doing

如:Can you smell anything burning?


⒊ 表指使的詞(使役動詞):have,set keep,catch,leave

如:I m sorry to have kept you waiting long.


⒋ 接現在分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有 feel,hear,listen to,see,look at,watch,observe,notice,find,smell,set,have,keep,start,leave,get,catch等


7

動詞-ing形式作狀語


可以修飾謂語動詞或整個句子,表示時間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨或補充。


⒈ 表示時間:

動詞-ing形式作時間狀語,相當於一個時間狀語從句。常置於句首或句末。

如:Turning around,she saw a car driving up.

=When she turned around,she saw a car driving up.她轉過身,看見一輛車朝她開來。


⒉ 表示原因:

表示原因的動詞-ing形式一般置於句首,相當於一個原因狀語從句。常置於句首句中或句末。

如:Being ill,he could not walk any further.

=As he was ill,he could not walk any further.

因為疲倦,他不能再往前走了。


⒊ 表示結果:

動詞-ing形式作狀語表示一種必然的結果,可擴展為一個含有並列謂語的簡單句。常置於句末。

如:The fire lasted nearly a month,leaving nothing valuable.

=The fire lasted nearly a month,and left nothing valuable.

大火持續了近一個月,幾乎沒剩下什麼值錢的東西。


⒋ 表示條件:

動詞-ing形式作條件狀語,相當於一個條件狀語從句。常置於句首。

如:Being more careful,you can make fewer mistakes.

=If you are more careful,you can make fewer mistakes.如果你更細心點,你就會少犯錯誤。


⒌ 表示讓步

動詞-ing形式作讓步狀語,相當於一個讓步狀語從句。常置於句首。

如:Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.

=Although they knew all this,they made me pay for the damage.

儘管知道了一切情況,他們還是要我賠償損失。


⒍ 表示方式、伴隨或補充說明

動詞-ing形式表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明,可以擴展成為一個並列成分。常置於句末。

如:I stood by the door,not daring to say a word.

=I stood by the door,and did not dare to say a word.我站在門旁,不敢說一句話。

He was walking along the street,looking this way and that.

=He was walking along the street,and looked this way and that.他在街上走著,左顧右盼。


8

特別提醒


⒈ [從屬連詞+動詞-ing形式]作狀語

為了使動詞-ing形式作狀語所表達的時間、條件、讓步等意思更加明確,可在動詞-ing形式前加上適當的連詞(when,while,if,though,unless,even if等)。

如:Don't talk while having dinner.吃飯時不要說話。

Once losing this chance,you can't easily find it一旦失去這次機會你就很難找回。


⒉ 要避免無依著(無邏輯主語)動詞-ing形式

動詞-ing形式作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致,如果狀語與主語不一致,可給從句加上主語,變成主從複合句。

如:【錯誤】While reading the book,the telephone rang.

【正確】While she was reading the book,the telephone rang.她看書的時候,電話鈴響了。(reading的動作不是the telephone發出)

【錯誤】Looking out through the window the garden was beautiful.

【正確】Looking out through the window we found a beautiful garden.從窗戶裡,我們看見一個漂亮的花園。(looking的動作不是garden發出)


⒊ 獨立動詞-ing形式作狀語

英語中有些動詞-ing形式,如:generally(frankly,honestly),speaking,supposing(假設),judging from(從……判斷),talking of(談到),speaking of(談到)等,它們作狀語時的邏輯主語可以和句子的主語不一致。這種形式已經成為固定的用法。

如:Generally speaking,girls are more careful than boys.

Supposing you lose,what will you do?

Judging from his accent,he must be from the north.

Talking of travel,have you ever been to Beijing?

Supposing he is ill,who will do the work?假如他病了,誰來做這工作呢?

Generally speaking,boys are more interested in science than girls.一般來說,男孩比女孩對科學更感興趣。


9

動詞-ing形式作狀語考點聚焦


⒈ 動詞-ing形式作狀語,當句子的謂語動詞和動詞-ing形式的動詞所表動作在時間上幾乎同時發生時,用doing作狀語

;若動詞-ing形式動作發生在句子謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,用其完成時having done作狀語動詞-ing形式的否定形式為:not doing或者not having done


有一些固定的動詞-ing形式作狀語,這就是獨立成分。


⒊ 當句子主語和動詞-ing形式的主語不一致時,則不可省略動詞-ing形式的主語。這時可用獨立主格結構,即:帶有邏輯主語的動詞-ing形式作狀語;或者用with複合結構作伴隨狀語。若分詞的動作發生在謂語動詞以前,則分詞使用完成式:having done

如:Having finished his homework,he went home.

Having been bitten by a snake,she was frightened.

① 複合結構和獨立主格結構的區別:

⑴ 動名詞複合結構:

動名詞複合結構是由物主代詞或名詞所有格加上動名詞構成,它們在邏輯上存在主謂關係,在句子中可以作主語、表語、賓語等等。而在口語或非正式文體中,這種結構如不置於句首作主語,則可用人稱代詞的賓格代替物主代詞,用名詞的普通格代替所有格形式。

如:I cant imagine his/him marrying her.我無法想象他與她結婚。

There is no question of Mas Marry being able to do it well.瑪麗能做好此事,這是毫無疑問的。

The students kowing English well helped him in leaming French.這個學生良好的英語基礎有助於他學習法語。

Her being ill made us worried.她生病了使我們很擔心。

Do you mind my/me opening the door?你介意我打開門嗎?

⑵ 獨立主格結構:

獨立主格結構是由邏輯主語(名詞或代詞主格)加上分詞(包括現在分詞和過去分詞)、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語、名詞等構成的語法結構。在句子中一般作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨等。獨立主格可置於句首、句尾,用逗號與主句隔開。

如:Time permitting,we will hold a sports meet.時間允許的話,我們將進行運動會。

There being no bus,we had to walk home.沒有車,我們只好步行回家。


★ 動詞的-ed 形式


動詞的-ed形式也是非謂語動詞的一種,它具有動詞的一些特點,同時也具有形容詞、副詞的句法功能,在句中可用作表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語等。


1

動詞的-ed形式的特徵


⒈ 動詞的-ed形式是由動詞的過去分詞構成

動詞的-ed形式只有一種形式,即傳統語法中的過去分詞。絕大部分的動詞的-ed形式由動詞原形加-ed構成,也有一些動詞的-ed形式是不規則的。

規則動詞的-ed形式

高考英語大綱規定的24個語法梳理(四)

高考英語大綱規定的24個語法梳理(四)

不規則動詞的-ed形式

高考英語大綱規定的24個語法梳理(四)

少數動詞的-ed形式作定語時,讀音與一般過去分詞不同

learned a learned professor一位知識淵博的教授

aged an aged man 老人

be loved his beloved computer 他心愛的計算機

動詞的-ed形式的否定形式

動詞的-ed形式的否定形式是由not 或never加動詞的-ed形式構成。

如:Not allowed to go in,he had to wait outside.不允許他進去,他只好在外面等著。

Never invited to his party,she got angry with him從未被邀請過去他的聚會,她很生氣。


⒉ 動詞的-ed形式的特徵

動詞的-ed形式有被動的意思,有時也可表示完成的動作。

動詞的-ed形式表示已完成的動作。

除了作形容詞用的-ed形式外,動詞的-ed形式可帶有完成的意義,有的同時也帶有被動的意義。

如:Born and brought up in the countryside,he was interested in biology.由於在農村出生並長大,他對生物很感興趣。

One of the glasses was found broken.有人發現其中一個杯子破了。

The books,written by Lu Xun,are popular with many Chinese people.魯迅寫的這些書,受到了許多中國人的喜愛。

及物動詞的-ed形式一般表示被動的意思。

如:Given more time,I could have solved that riddle.要是有充足的時間,我就能猜出那個謎語。(句子的主語I和動詞give之間是被動關係。)

When you speak English,be sure to make yourself understood.你說英語的時候,一定要讓人懂得你的意思。(動詞make的賓語 yourself和賓語補足語understand之間是被動關係。)

The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study.在軍隊獲得的經驗對我們的學習很有幫助。

不及物動詞的-ed形式只表示完成的意思,並不帶有被動的含義。

如:an escaped prisoner 逃犯(=a prisoner who has escaped)

a retired worker 退休工人(=a worker who has retired)

a newly arrived guest 新來的客人(=a guest who has just arrived)

We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我們應該不時地從發達國家引進先進技術。

People should pay attention to the changed situation.人們應該注意到變化了的形勢。


2

動詞的-ed形式的用法


動詞的-ed形式在句中主要起形容詞和副詞的作用,可以作定語、表語、狀語和補語。


⒈ 動詞的-ed形式作表語

-ed形式在連繫動詞後作表語,說明主語的狀態。

如:The students are fully prepared.學生們已做好了充分的準備。

When we got there,the shop was closed.我們到那兒時,商店已經關門了。

She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars.她對自己在高低槓上的表現感到很滿意。

The land remained unexploited.這片土地尚未開發。

Hearing the news,he looked disappointed.聽到這個消息,他看起來非常失望。

The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year.山頂上終年積雪覆蓋。

比較:

要把-ed形式作表語和被動語態區別開來。作表語的-ed形式表示狀態,被動語態中的-ed

形式表示被動動作。

如:All the doors are locked.所有的門都是鎖著的。(-ed形式作表語,表示狀態)

All the doors were locked by the guard.所有的門都被衛兵鎖上了。(被動語態,表示動作)

Peter the Great is buried here.彼得大帝就埋葬在這裡。(-ed形式作表語,表示狀態)

Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.彼得大帝於1725年被埋葬在這裡。(被動語態,表示動作)

同一動詞的-ed形式與-ing形式作表語時的區別。

動詞的-ed形式作表語,主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態,含有被動的意思,而-ing形式作表語多表示主語具有的特徵,含有主動的意思。

如:They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕。

At the sight of the moving scene,all the people present were moved.看到這麼動人的情景,所有在場的人都感動了。

上述動詞的-ed形式,有的(如pleased,tired,excited,disappointed等)已經變成形容詞,可以被very,too等副詞修飾。有的(如amused,puzzled,relaxed等)還不能被very,too修飾,只能被much修飾。

如:These problems are very puzzling.這些問題很令人迷惑。

We are much puzzled by his failure to reply.他不給我們回信使我們百思不得其解。

His speech was very moving.他的演講非常感人。

All the people present were moved to tears.在場的所有人都被感動得流淚了。


⒉ 動詞的-ed形式作賓語補足語

當作賓語補足語的動詞和前面的賓語之間是被動關係時,一般應用動詞的-ed形式作賓語

的補足語。

在感覺動詞see,hear,feel,notice,watch,find後作賓語補足語。

如:I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.昨晚我聽了第九交響樂的演奏。

We found all the rivers seriously polluted.我們發現所有的河流都被嚴重汙染了。

Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop.昨天我在商店裡注意到一個小女孩偷東西被抓住了。

He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind.他感覺到衣領被人從後面拉了一下。

② 在使役動詞get,have,make,leave,keep等後作賓語補足語。

動詞的-ed形式作get的賓語補足語。

如:Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.多麗絲在醫院把壞牙拔了。

I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.我得先把盤子洗了,然後就來。

比較:動詞get後也可接動詞不定式或動詞的-ing形式作賓語補足語,和賓語是主動關係。

如:I couldn't get the car to start this morning.今早我無法把汽車發動起來。

He got his sister to help him with his clothes.他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。

It is not hard to get him talking;the problem is stopping him!讓他說話不難,難的是說開了止不住他。

Can you really get that old clock going again?

動詞的-ed 形式作make的賓語補足語。

He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.他提高了嗓門為了使別人聽清他的講話。

You should make your views known to the public.你應該讓公眾知道你的觀點。

注意:動詞make後的賓語補足語可用不帶to的動詞不定式或動詞的-ed形式,但不可用動詞的-ing形式。

如:【誤】Can you make the students understanding the text.

【正】Can you make the students understand the text.你能讓學生理解這篇課文嗎?

【正】Can you make the text understood by the students 你能讓學生理解這篇課文嗎?

動詞的-ed 形式作 keep 或leave的賓語補足語。

如:They all went home,leaving all the work undone.所有的工作都沒完成,他們就回家了。

The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.偵探和他的助手把自己整夜反鎖在房間裡。

動詞的-ed形式也可用在with(without)結構中,作介詞的賓語補足語。

如:With everything we'll arranged,he left the office.一切都安排妥善之後,他離開了辦公室。

She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.她已經回來了,揹包裡塞滿了有趣的圖書。

Without any grain left in the house,the little girl had to go begging.家裡沒有糧食,小女孩只好出去討飯。

Without any more time given,we couldn't finish the task in three weeks.如果不再給我們任何時間的話,我們三星期之內完成不了任務。

某些動詞後(如want,need,prefer,would like等),作賓語補足語的不定式被動形式省略“to be”,就成了-ed形式作賓語補足語。

如:I would like this matter (to be)settled immediately.我希望這事立即得到解決。

I'd prefer this book translated by my sister.我情願讓我妹妹來翻譯這本書。

We need the work (to be)finished by Saturday.我們需要這項工作週六之前完成。

The peasants don't want good farmland (to be)built on.農民們不想讓好好的農田被用來建造房子。


⒊ 動詞的-ed形式作定語

動詞的-ed形式作定語修飾名詞分為前置和後置兩類。

前置定語

單個的動詞的-ed形式作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前,作前置定語。

如:A watched pot never boils.心急鍋不開。

All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.所有的壞門窗都修好了。

When we arrived,we each were given a printed question paper.我們到達的時候,每人被髮給了一份印製好的試卷。

提示:如要表示強調,單個動詞-ed形式也可作後置定語。

Money spent is more than money earned.入不敷出。

後置定語

作後置定語的-ed形式一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分,在語法上相當於一個定語從句。

We have read many novels written by this author.我們讀過這個作家寫的許多小說。(=that are written by this author)

Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.被邀請到招待會上的貴賓有一半都是外國大使。(=who had been invited to the reception)

The meeting,attended by one thousand students,was a success.這次會議獲得很大的成功,共有一千名學生出席了。(=which was attended by one thousand students)

A woman,dressed like a lawyer,came in and took her seat as judge.一個律師裝扮的女人走了進來,並作為法官就座。(=who was dressed like a lawyer)

動詞的-ed 形式作定語和-ing形式作定語的區別

動詞的-ed形式作定語表示動作已完成或和被動,而-ing形式作定語表示動作正在進行或和主動。

the risen sun 升起了的太陽

the rising sun 正在升起的太陽

boiled water開水

boiling water正沸騰的水

developed countries發達國家

developing countries發展中國家

fallen leaves落葉

falling leaves正在飄落的葉子

changed condition改變了的情況

changing condition變化著的情況


⒋ 動詞的-ed形式作狀語

動詞的-ed形式作狀語和-ing形式作狀語一樣,也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方

式或伴隨情況等。

表示時間

動詞的-ed 形式作狀語表示時間,相當於一個時間狀語從句。

如:Seen from the tower,the city looks beautiful.從塔上往下看,城市顯得很美麗。(=When the city is seen from the tower...)

Shown the lab,we were taken to see the library.帶我們參觀了實驗室之後,又帶我們參觀了圖書館。(=After we had been shown the lab...)

Completely examined by the doctors,he went back to school right away.經過醫生徹底檢查以後,他立刻回到了學校。(=After he was completely examined...)

提示:有時動詞的-ed形式前可加連詞when 或while來強調時間概念。

如:When asked why she was late for class again,she hung her head in shame.當被問到為什麼上課又遲到時,她羞愧地低下了頭。

Once recovered,he went all out to do his work.一恢復健康,他就全力以赴地幹起了工作。

Once started,the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦給這鐘上了發條,它就會走半個月,並且走得很準。

表示原因

動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示原因,相當於一個原因狀語從句。

如:Moved by the heroic deeds,the children couldn't help crying.孩子們被英雄事蹟感動,情不自禁地哭了起來。(=Since they were moved by the heroic deeds..)

Written in haste,her letter is very hard to read.因為寫得快,她的信很難閱讀。(=As it was written in haste...)

Excited by the new discovery,we decided to go out and celebrate.我們因為新發現而激動萬分,決定出去慶祝一下。(Because we were excited by...)

注意:為了使-ed形式表示的條件、動詞讓步意義更加明顯,我們可以加上適當的連詞。

如:Even if invited,I won't go.即使受到邀請,我也不去。

Though beaten by the opposite team they did not lose heart.雖然被對手打敗,便他們並沒有喪失信心。

Unless invited,he will not come back to the company.除非被邀請,不然他不會回到公司來的。

表示條件

動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示條件,相當於一個條件狀語從句。

Heated,water changes into steam加熱,水就能變成蒸汽。(=If water is heated...)

Given more time,he would be able to do better.假如多給一些時間,他會幹得更出色。(=If he was given more time..)

Compared with other professors,she was an excellent speaker.與其他教授相比,她是一個優秀的演說家。

表示讓步

動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示讓步,相當於一個though/although引導的讓步狀語從句。

如:Exhausted by the running,they went on running after the robber.儘管已經跑得筋疲力盡,他們還是繼續追趕著那個強盜。(=Although they were exhausted by the running..)

Laughed at by many people,he continued his research.儘管被許多人嘲笑,他還是繼續他的研究。(=Even if he was laughed by many people...)

Questioned many times a day,Andrew kept silent over the murder.儘管一天被盤問了多次,安德魯仍然對那件謀殺案保持沉默。

提示:有時動詞的-ed形式作狀語和動詞的-ing形式的被動式作狀語,並沒有多大的區別,可以互換。

如:Suddenly seized with a high fever,he was unable to attend school.他因突然發熱不能來上學。=Being suddenly seized with a high fever,he was unable to attend school.他因突然發熱不能來上學。

Brought up in the countryside,he found it hard to get used to town life.因為是在農村長大的,他感到很難適應城市生活。=Having been brought up in the countryside,he found it hard to get used to town life.因為是在農村長大的,他感到很難適應城市生活。

表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明。

動詞的-ed 形式作狀語表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明時,通常位於句子的後面,相當於一個並列分句。

如:The teacher stood there,surrounded by the students.老師站在那兒,被學生圍住了。(=and he was surrounded by the students)

He went into the office,followed by some children.他走進辦公室,後面跟著一些孩子。(=and he was followed by some children)

They turned around and stood in the middle of the room,completely astonished.他們轉過身來,站在房間中央,完全驚呆了。

She accepted the gift,deeply moved.她接受了禮物,深深地感動了。

注意:動詞的-ed形式在句中不能用作主語或賓語。

如:【誤】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.

【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour.被邀請出席國宴是極大的榮耀。

【誤】I cannot stand laughed at.

【正】I cannot stand being laughed at.我不能容忍被人嘲笑。


⒊ 動詞的-ed形式的邏輯主語

動詞的-ed形式在句中作狀語和表語時,它的邏輯主語一般來說就是句子的主語,-ed形式和主語之間是被動關係。

如:Locked up,he had no way to escape.他被鎖了起來,沒有辦法逃跑了。

Lost in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.他陷入了沉思,幾乎撞到了前面的汽車。

She became discouraged at the news.聽到這個消息,她洩氣了。

Though it was 1000 a.m,the door of the shop remained locked.儘管已經是上午10點了,商店的門仍然鎖著。

當動詞的-ed形式在句中作定語時,它的邏輯主語是被它修飾的名詞,它和名詞之間

是被動關係。

如:The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.第一批編寫出來作為英語教材的課本是16世紀出版的。

The computer center,opened last year,is very popular among the students in this school.去年開辦的計算機中心深受這所學校的學生喜愛。

A lighted candle lit up the cellar.一支點燃的蠟燭照亮了地下室。

當動詞的-ed形式在句中作賓語補語或主語補語時,它的邏輯主語是句子的主語或賓語,它們之間的關係是被動關係。

如:Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain.薇薇安把手指卡在自行車鏈條裡了。(trapped的邏輯主語是句子的賓語 fingers)

The valuable vase was found stolen.那個珍貴的花瓶發現被盜了。(stolen的邏輯主語是句子的主語 vase)

We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down.Thieves obviously had broken in.我們回到家發現整幢房子被翻得亂七八糟,很明顯小偷闖進來了。

動詞的-ed形式有時可有其獨立的邏輯主語,常用作狀語。

如:Everything done,we went home.一切事情都做完了,我們就回家了。

All our money run out,Henry had to find another job.我們的錢都用完了,亨利不得不再找一份工作。

He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head.他躺在草地上,頭枕著雙手。

All things considered,the planned trip will have to be called off.考慮到所有的情況,原來計劃好的旅行不得不取消。

動詞的-ed形式作獨立成分。

動詞的-ed形式的一些固定詞組也可在句中作獨立成分,不受邏輯主語的限制。

如:frankly,I don't agree with what he said.坦白地說,我不同意他所說的。

Given the general state of his health,it may take him a while to recover from the operation.考慮到他一般的身體狀況,手術後的恢復可能需要一段時間。


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