一位美国 考古学家曾通过电子邮件说： " 伊拉克战争爆发后，我们和其他一些国家的考古学家曾多次恳求美国政府关注战争给伊拉克考古遗址带来的损失。作为考古学家，我们反对发动这场战争，我相信世界上大多数的考古学家都这样想。战争给这个国家带来了无法弥补的损失，这对于整个考古界都是致命的打击。
"An American archaeologist once said by e-mail: "After the outbreak of the war in Iraq, archaeologists in our country and other countries have repeatedly appealed to the U.S. government to pay attention to the war's damage to Iraqi archaeological sites. As archaeologists, we oppose this war, and I believe most archaeologists in the world think so. The war caused irreparable damage to the country, which was a fatal blow to the archaeological community as a whole. "
摘要： 叙利亚大马士革萨拉丁墓入口处残留的柱廊。(李亚楠/图) 这些古老文物所象征的灿烂往昔，与文物所在国在现实世界中的尴尬处境构成了过于突出的反差。使其在和平年代往往沦为政治强人的炫耀物，在动荡时期则被当作牟利工具随意盗窃和转手。 “我十分希望能努力创设一项机制，将阿富汗的重要文物合法地带到…
Abstract: the portico at the entrance of Saladin tomb in Damascus, Syria. (Li Yanan / Tu) The splendid past symbolized by these ancient cultural relics is an overly striking contrast to the embarrassing situation of the country in which they are located in the real world. In times of peace, it tends to become a conspicuous display of political strongmen, and in times of turmoil, it is used as a means of profit-making and arbitrary theft and transfer. "I very much hope to work hard to create a mechanism to bring the important cultural relics in Afghanistan legally to...
2003年3月19日， 伊拉克战争爆发。4月9日，媒体报道南方名城 巴士拉的博物馆遭到抢劫。4月10日，各大媒体中都充斥着美军进入 巴格达、伊拉克国家博物馆遭暴徒哄抢的报道。 吉布森说："我的第一反应是新闻中讲的是真的，不是在做梦，美国部队的行为是不负责任的。他们已经知道了这座博物馆的重要性了，我早就告诉过他们。他们本应采取保护措施的，那里根本不应该遭抢。"后来，成百上千位外国考古学家联名向 白宫抗议，施加压力。4月16日， 美国军队对博物馆地区采取安全保护行动，博物馆工作人员返回博物馆。亚里山大·约菲说："对伊拉克国家博物馆的抢劫是现代考古史上最为野蛮行径，这是伊拉人的损失，也是全人类的损失。"
这些古老文物所象征的灿烂往昔，与文物所在国在现实世界中的尴尬处境构成了过于突出的反差。使其在和平年代往往沦为政治强人的炫耀物，在动荡时期则被当作牟利工具随意盗窃和转手。
“我十分希望能努力创设一项机制，将阿富汗的重要文物合法地带到海外、进行巡回展出。”这是井上隆史策划231件阿富汗国宝级文物进行海外巡展的初衷。但一切并不容易。
单从这座占地面积超过4.5万平方米的巨大建筑的外观，很难窥见其中的窘迫曲折之处。像底格里斯河东岸许多萨达姆时代残留的公共建筑一样，伊拉克国家博物馆拥有仿照伊什塔尔城门外观建造、两侧栽种着棕榈树的高大正门，新添置的安检仪器和重新布置的展厅给人的第一印象不亚于许多富裕国家的类似场所。它们都是“沙漠女王”格特鲁德·贝尔的遗产：1926年，贝尔出于“将两河流域文物永远保存在当地人民手中”的善意，创建了巴格达文物博物馆，并亲手将第一批发掘自巴比伦遗址的石像和石刻置入馆中。历经九十多年变迁，最初的独栋小楼被拥有两层展厅、巨大地库和全副武装警卫的气派建筑群所取代，馆藏文物数量突破了18万件。右侧裙楼内的铭牌还标注着先驱者的名字：“贝尔楼”。
但这也是贝尔女士在巴格达留下的唯一有形印记。她曾衷心致力的其他一切：消解伊拉克各宗派和族群间的仇恨，建立有威信的民选政府，普及高等教育……最终都遭遇了令人难堪的失败，并且反过来还威胁到了她艰难保存下来的那些文物的命运。在21世纪初的全球艺术品黑市上，正是来自伊拉克、叙利亚、阿富汗、也门等动荡地区的流失文物构成了地下交易的主体。“社交网络和电子商务的流行降低了售卖非法文物的门槛。现在每天有超过10万件文物挂在亚马逊、eBay这类主流电商的网站上，其中80%来源不明，”牛津大学濒危文物高级研究员尼尔·布罗迪在邮件中告诉笔者，“换句话说，要么是仿冒品，要么是来自非法盗取或走私。但这又是一个千万美元级的大市场;从监守自盗的伊拉克官员到‘伊斯兰国’恐怖分子，有太多买家在询价，抱有投机心理的私人收藏者则不惜助纣为虐。”
事实上，自2011年3月危机全面爆发以来，叙利亚很多历史文化古迹横遭炮火和盗匪摧残，大马士革老城难得“独善其身”，但27日的爆炸终结了老城的“幸运”。人们不禁担心，叙利亚的灿烂遗产究竟还有多少能留给后人?
目睹了考古遗址与珍贵文物迭遭破坏、流失的境况。2017年，当231件阿富汗珍贵文物开启在中国的巡回展览之后，笔者又从巡展策划人、日本东京艺术大学特聘教授井上隆史处获得了关于这批珍宝的来源及其困境的更多信息。诚如井上所言，随着文物巡展在中国以及世界各地陆续举办，越来越多人将认识到阿富汗文化遗产的魅力以及对其加以保护的重要性。但只要战争和动荡不消除，人类的古老历史依旧面临逐渐燃烧成烬的危险。
贾姆斯说，据叙文化部统计，目前已有5个主要遗址被完全毁坏，无法修复，这其中就有与大马士革老城同为世界文化遗产的阿勒颇古城。这座建于12世纪的城市大部分已经在炮火中毁坏，其中最骇人的一幕发生在今年4月。一份上传至网络的视频显示，城中一座拥有近900年历史的著名清真寺的宣礼塔被炮弹击中后轰然坍塌。另一处世界遗产、位于叙利亚北部的古村落群也遭到大范围破坏，不过这里的罪魁祸首是趁火打劫的文物窃贼。贾姆斯说，这些被遗弃的村落里，古迹遭到大规模违法开发和挖掘，遗址遭到无法挽回的破坏。
谁的历史谁的遗产
目前，伊拉克登记在案的上万处古迹中，约1800处位于“伊斯兰国”占领区内。据伊拉克旅游和古迹部消息，不到一年的时间内，在“伊斯兰国”控制的土地上，有近300座具有特殊历史价值的宗教设施被毁灭。
At present, of the tens of thousands of historic sites registered in Iraq, about 1,800 are located in the occupied areas of the Islamic State. According to the Ministry of Tourism and Monuments in Iraq, in less than a year, nearly 300 religious facilities of special historical value were destroyed on the land controlled by the Islamic State.
破坏
四天破坏三座千年古城遗址
2月26日，“伊斯兰国”发布视频，显示其成员用大锤、电钻等工具在摩苏尔博物馆大肆毁坏珍贵文物。视频中，一名武装人员说，“即使它们价值连城，我们也不在乎”。
摩苏尔博物馆是除伊拉克博物馆外，伊拉克最重要的博物馆，有四个主要展厅。伊拉克官方称，有大约90件物品被毁坏或受损，绝大部分都是文物原物。摩苏尔考古学院教授阿米尔·朱迈里说：“我完全震惊了。这就是灾难。这些文物毁了以后，我们就无法继续为摩苏尔的文明感到骄傲了。”伦敦大学学院的埃莉诺·罗布森表示，破坏石像的视频真实可靠，“令人心碎”。
随后的三年多里，陆续有半数左右的丢失文物从提克里特等地被追回，仍有包括47件国宝级珍品在内的七千余件文物至今下落不明。2006年，历史可追溯至公元前2400年的恩铁美纳王石像在纽约的艺术品黑市被美国海关截获，没有人知道此前几年中它经历了什么。
Over the next three years, about half of the lost cultural relics were recovered from Tikrit and other places. More than 7,000 cultural relics, including 47 national treasures, are still missing. In 2006, the statue of King Ntiemena, dating back to 2400 B.C., was intercepted by U.S. Customs on the art black market in New York. No one knows what it went through in the previous few years.
贝尔的欧洲后代回到中东
拉希姆及其新上司艾哈迈德·卡米尔·穆罕默德面临着一系列考验，资金短缺仅仅是其中难度最低的一项：“全球油价稳定之后，政府增加了对文化事业的拨款，美国国务院和一些知名大学也为我们提供帮助。”
Rahim and his new boss, Ahmed Camille Mohammed, are facing a series of tests. The shortage of funds is only one of the hardest: "After global oil prices stabilized, the government increased funding for cultural undertakings, and the State Department and some well-known universities helped us."
约旦文物部门有关负责人阿尔·萨德表示，希望这个系统能被推而广之，尤其是在伊拉克这个深受战争伤害、拥有丰富文物遗产的国家。目前，总部位于美国纽约的世界文化遗产基金会已与伊拉克文物部门展开有关合作。
Al Sade, the head of the Jordanian Heritage Department, said he hoped the system would be promoted, especially in Iraq, a country that has suffered from war and has a rich heritage. At present, the World Heritage Foundation, headquartered in New York, USA, has cooperated with the Iraqi Heritage Department.
追索文物的行动，在抢劫发生后不久就展开了。本地追回的文物，有些是被普通民众送回来的，有些是警察追回的。从民众的行动中，可以看出他们多么珍视本国的文化遗产。苏雷曼·阿斯旺德老人是巴格达的一位珠宝商人，听到巴格达国家博物馆遭抢十分痛心，决定帮忙追索被盗文物。"一个女孩儿来到我的店里想卖给我一些印章。我没有盘问这些东西从哪儿来，就付给她1300美元，把博物馆的这92枚印章买了回来。"讲这个故事的时候，阿斯旺德老人两眼满含泪水，"我们自己的同胞来偷文物就像是儿子来偷父亲。 伊拉克可以重建，但是我们永远无法重建历史。"
The pursuit of cultural relics was launched shortly after the robbery. Some of the local cultural relics were returned by ordinary people, some of which were recovered by the police. From the actions of the masses, we can see how much they treasure their cultural heritage. Suleiman Aswand, a jewelry merchant in Baghdad, was distressed to hear of the looting of the Baghdad National Museum and decided to help find the stolen artifacts. "A girl came to my shop and wanted to sell me some stamps. I didn't ask where they came from, so I paid her $1,300 and bought the 92 seals from the museum. "Old Aswand's eyes were full of tears when he told this story," our own countrymen stole artifacts like sons stole fathers. Iraq can be rebuilt, but we can never rebuild history. "
2015年，美国钱币学会发布的一份研究报告显示：自叙利亚内战爆发以来，国际钱币交易市场上帕尔米拉古币(铸造于公元3世纪)的数量出现了势头惊人的增长，显然与“伊斯兰国”占领帕尔米拉并将当地文物出售套现有关。
In 2015, a study by the American Coin Society showed that since the outbreak of the civil war in Syria, the number of Palmyra coins (minted in the 3rd century A.D.) on the international money exchange market has increased dramatically, apparently in connection with the occupation of Palmyra by the Islamic State and the sale of local cultural relics.
叙利亚本地文物鉴定专家哈桑对笔者证实了这一推断，他提到：“伊斯兰国”官员很早就开始使用加密通讯软件Whatsapp吸引有财力的国外收藏家“在线看货”，继而通过土耳其的走私网络将文物偷运出境。他们还懂得利用Facebook上的考古爱好者群组挑选潜在的买家，随后发私信向其推荐“尖货”。
Hassan, a Syrian expert on local cultural relics, confirmed this inference, noting that officials in the Islamic States had long used Whatsapp, an encrypted communications software, to attract wealthy foreign collectors to "watch online" and smuggle cultural relics out of the country via Turkish smuggling networks. They also know how to use Facebook's archaeological enthusiasts to select potential buyers and then send them a personal letter recommending "top-notch items."
在博物馆院落内因停电而静默无声的喷水池前，笔者默默注视着那些就地堆放的神庙柱头、浮雕碎块和残缺的罗马时代神像;文物拯救者们历尽千难万险，将它们从帕尔米拉和阿勒颇危城中抢运而出，如今却只能草草搁置于此，等待遥不可及的修复归位。此刻，在这里，只有价格，没有价值。
Before the silent fountains in the museum's courtyard due to power cuts, I watched in silence the piles of temple pillars, relief fragments, and mutilated Roman-era gods that had been laid up in place; the rescuers of the monuments, through all odds and ends, rushed them out of the perilous cities of Palmira and Aleppo, and now had to put them on the ground. Waiting for the unreachable restoration of homing. At the moment, there is only price and no value.
井上隆史的事业
2018年2月1日，为期三个月的“文明的回响：来自阿富汗的古代珍宝”展览在成都博物馆开幕。231件(套)由阿富汗国家博物馆和巴黎吉美博物馆专家精心挑选出的珍贵文物齐齐亮相，最终吸引超过50万人次的参观者。事实上，自2006年10月首次开启境外巡展以来，这批历史超过2000年的珍宝已在11个国家、23家博物馆间流转，始终不曾返乡。这一动议获得了阿富汗前总统卡尔扎伊的特许：从安全角度考虑，将文物留在危机四伏的喀布尔是不负责任的。但要将巡展延续下去，就必须不断找到新的场馆。
On February 1, 2018, a three-month exhibition entitled "Echoes of Civilization: Ancient Treasures from Afghanistan" opened at the Chengdu Museum. A total of 231 precious artifacts, carefully selected by experts from the National Museum of Afghanistan and the Jimei Museum in Paris, were unveiled, eventually attracting more than 500,000 visitors. In fact, since the first overseas exhibition was opened in October 2006, these treasures, which have been more than 2000 years old, have been circulating among 23 museums in 11 countries and have never returned home. The move was granted by former Afghan President Hamid Karzai: it is irresponsible, from a security standpoint, to leave cultural relics in crisis-ridden Kabul. But if we want to continue the tour, we must constantly find new venues.
本次巡展发起人之一、东京艺术大学特聘教授井上隆史向笔者讲述了“文物流浪记”的前因后果：由于身处古代丝绸之路的关键节点，见证过无数世界级帝国和异质文明间的碰撞融合，阿富汗的考古遗址以及出土文物罕见地兼有希腊、罗马、波斯、印度、中国等多种古文明的特征，自1920年代起就成为欧洲和日本考古学者竞相关注的焦点。但在1979年，延续超过60年的国际考古发掘首先被苏联入侵所打断;1989年苏军撤出后，经久不息的内战和准无政府状态更使已出土的文物也面临被摧毁和盗卖的风险。从那时起直至1996年，阿富汗国家博物馆失去了半数以上的藏品，希腊化古城阿伊哈努姆的遗址和蒂拉丘地的墓葬先后被洗劫一空。而随着排斥异教文明的塔利班势力在1996年入主中央政权，新的浩劫接踵而至：列入联合国世界文化遗产名录的巴米扬大佛在2001年春天被炸毁，从喀布尔国立博物馆流出的古代佛像和金币出现在了巴基斯坦边境的黑市上。噩耗接二连三地传入国际考古学者耳中，但他们对此完全无能为力。
Inoue Longshi, one of the sponsors of the exhibition and a special professor at Tokyo University of Art, told the author about the causes and consequences of the "Cultural and Logistics Wave". Being at the key node of the ancient Silk Road, he witnessed the collision and fusion of numerous world-class empires and heterogeneous civilizations, the archaeological sites and unearthed cultural relics in Afghanistan rarely concurrently. Characterized by many ancient civilizations, such as Greece, Rome, Persia, India and China, it has been the focus of attention of European and Japanese archaeologists since the 1920s. But in 1979, more than 60 years of international archaeological excavations were first interrupted by the Soviet invasion; after the withdrawal of the Soviet army in 1989, prolonged civil war and quasi-anarchy put the unearthed cultural relics at risk of being destroyed and stolen. From then on until 1996, the National Museum of Afghanistan lost more than half its collection, and the ruins of the Greek ancient city of Aihanoum and the tombs of the Tirashu site were looted. As the Taliban, who rejected pagan civilization, came to power in 1996, new catastrophes ensued: the Bamiyan Buddha, listed on the UN World Heritage List, was blown up in the spring of 2001, and ancient Buddhist statues and gold coins flowing from the Kabul National Museum appeared on the black market on the Pakistan border. Bad news has been introduced to the ears of international archaeologists one after another, but there is nothing they can do about it.
2001年底塔利班政权的崩溃一度被视为希望之始。但和平只维持了短短几年：2006年，在喀布尔安全形势急剧恶化的背景下，阿富汗政府和国家博物馆委托法国方面将231件国宝级文物带往欧洲巡展，以待局势稳定后再物归原主。数年后，长期致力于搜寻阿富汗流失文物的井上接过了这份工作，并推动其首次进入中国。
At the end of 2001, the collapse of the Taliban regime was once seen as the beginning of hope. But peace lasted only a few years: in 2006, against the backdrop of a deteriorating security situation in Kabul, the Afghan government and the National Museum commissioned the French side to take 231 national treasures to Europe for exhibition, pending a stable situation before returning to their original owners. Several years later, Wells, long dedicated to searching for lost cultural relics in Afghanistan, took over the job and pushed it into China for the first time.
“我十分希望能努力创设一项机制，将阿富汗的重要文物合法地带到海外、进行巡回展出。”井上隆史告诉笔者。但一切并不容易：阿富汗人的民族自尊心和对外来者的疑惧使他们难以轻易接受带有同情意味的帮助。在2006年，国宝“出境避难”一事几乎因为国民议会的反对而胎死腹中。而高昂的保险费用以及十多年欧美巡展造成的审美疲劳，又使得珍宝要找到下一家合适场馆变得日益困难。文博学界仍在为此努力。
"I very much hope that efforts will be made to create a mechanism to legally bring important cultural relics from Afghanistan overseas for exhibition tours." Inoue Takashi told the author. But it's not easy: Afghans'national pride and fear of outsiders make it difficult for them to accept compassionate help. In 2006, the national treasure "exit asylum" almost died because of the opposition of the national assembly. High insurance costs and aesthetic fatigue caused by more than a decade of tours to Europe and the United States have made it increasingly difficult for treasures to find the next suitable venue. Wen Bo is still working hard in this field.
与此同时，时断时续的爆炸声依然在喀布尔街头回响。距今75年前，伟大的考古学家马克·斯坦因长眠于此，弥留之际的心愿是亲眼见到阿富汗的宝藏。而在2018年的今天，那些曾令他魂牵梦萦的珍宝正在中国等待着下一家展馆，以及遥遥无期但或许终有一日的——还乡。
Meanwhile, the intermittent explosion is still echoing in the streets of Kabul. Seventy-five years ago, Mark Stein, the great archaeologist, lay dormant, dying to see the treasures of Afghanistan. And on this day in 2018, the treasures that once haunted him are waiting in China for the next Pavilion and, perhaps one day at a time, for him to return home.
文化文化，一个国家如果没有了历史文物，那么这个国家的文明将不复存在。
Culture and culture, a country without historical relics, then the country's civilization will no longer exist.
好在我们出生在一个和平的年代，在一代代人用鲜血与身体铸造的堡垒里，在中国这一个世界强国，我们在享受现在，回味历史，不断发掘着我们伟大的中华五千年文物遗产与文明。在现在的经济社会，文物文化已经与我们的生活息息相关，保护与传承，经济与价值!
Fortunately, we were born in a peaceful era, in a castle made of blood and body for generations, in China, a world power, we are enjoying the present, recalling the history, and constantly excavating our great Chinese cultural heritage and civilization of 5000 years. In today's economic society, cultural relics and culture have been closely related to our lives, protection and inheritance, economy and value!
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