一、在現在完成時態中：現在完成式中瞬間性動詞如何變為延續性動詞。
1、現在完成時定義：現在完成時既可表示過去發生的動作對現在所造成的結果或影響(此時通常連用的時間狀語有already, yet, just, ever, before)，也可表示動作從過去某時間開始，一直持續到現在，並且還有可能持續下去(此時通常連用的時間狀語有this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 時間段, since +時間點, for + 時間段)。如：
I have just finished my work. 我把工作做完。
Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾經去過北京嗎？
I have lived for ten years. 我在這兒住了十年了。
We have studied here since 2003. 我們自2003年來就在這兒讀書了。
2. 現在完成時的結構
現在完成時由"have / has + 過去分詞"構成。
在現在完成時中,一個瞬間性動詞(一次性動作如buy，borrow,die,leave,begin,join等)不能與表示一段時間的狀語(for, since, how long等)連用,此時須將該瞬間動詞改為延續性動詞或狀態動詞. 這是現在完成時學習的難點和重點。如表所示：
For example:
His father has died.
His father has been dead for three years.
他父親已經去世三年了。
She has joined the Party/League.
She has been in the Party/ League for two months.=She has been a Party/ League member for two months.
他已經入黨/團兩個月了。
The film has started/begun.
The film has been on/ lasted since 5 minutes ago.
電影已經開始5分鐘了。
He has gone to Kunming..
He has been in Kunming for 3 days.
他已經去昆明三天了。
【習題】When Jack arrived he learned Mary __________ for almost an hour．(leave)
答案：had been away
二、瞬間動詞和持續性動詞其它用法詳解。
（1）瞬間動詞表示短暫、不能持續一段時間的動作，如come, go, leave,start, begin, become, receive, die；而持續性動詞表示能持續一段時間的動詞，如work,stay, live, learn等。
列舉一些常用的瞬間動詞和持續性動詞：
leave離開（瞬間動詞）
be away離開（持續性動詞）
fall ill生病（瞬間動詞）
be ill生病（持續性動詞）
borrow借（瞬間動詞）
keep借（持續性動詞）
catch (a) cold患感冒（瞬間動詞）
have a cold患感冒（持續性動詞）
buy買（瞬間動詞）
have買（持續性動詞）
join the army參軍（瞬間動詞）
be in the army參軍（持續性動詞）
（2）瞬間動詞不能與"for+一段時間"連用，表示動作的持續性，應該改成持續性動詞。比如：
√I have bought a calculator.
我已經買了一個計算器。
×I have bought the calculator.
√I have had the calculator for a week.
我買這個計算器已有一個星期了。
下面是一些瞬間動詞、持續性動詞與現在完成時和一般過去時的連用例子：
James has had the watch for a month.
詹姆士買這個手錶一個月了。
James bought the watch a month ago.
詹姆士一個月前買的手錶。
My brother has been in the army for some time.
我兄弟參軍有一段時間了。
My brother joined the army some time ago.
我兄弟是一段時間以前參的軍。
He has been away for two days.
他離開兩天了。
He left two days ago.
他離開兩天了。
The old man has been dead for ten years.
老人死了十年了。
The old man died ten years ago.
老人十年前去世了。
She has been here for a while.
她到這兒有些時間了。
She came here a while ago.
她剛到這兒。
Nick has been a soldier for a year.
尼克當兵一年了。
Nick became a soldier a year ago.
尼克當兵一年了。
I have known him for five years.
我認識他五年了。
I met him five years ago.
我五年前認為了他。
He has been up for half an hour.
他起床半小時了。
He got up half an hour ago.
他半小時前起了床。
但是瞬間動詞的否定結構可以與"for+一段時間"連用，說明某動動作不發生的狀態可以持續一段時間。例如：
I haven't met my teacher of English for a year.
我有一年沒見到我的英語老師了。
He hasn't returned to his hometown for about ten years.
他約有十年沒有回家鄉了。
We haven't heard from him for a long time.
我們好長時間沒收到他的信了。
（3）瞬間動詞的現在完成時（否定式）+since…和持續性動詞的現在完成時+since…
注意：since引導的時間狀語從句中謂語動詞通常用一般過去時。
We have stayed in this school since we came to the city.
我們來到這座城市以來一直住在這個學校。
She has worked in this restaurant since July.
自七月以來他在這個飯店工作。
I have made great progress since he came to teach us English.
自從他來教我們英語，我進步很大。
We haven't written to each other since we left school.
我們畢業以來互相沒有通過信。
They haven't met each other since he left.
自從他走了以後他們沒見過面。
I haven't seen a film since school began.
開學以來我沒有看過電影。
（4）It is + 時間段 + since…自從…
It is two days since he left for America.
他去美國兩天了。
It is six weeks since they came here.
他們來這兒六個星期了。
It is about a week since I posted the letter.
這封信我寄出去大約一星期了。
It is a year since they joined the army.
他們參軍一年了。
（5）瞬間動詞和持續性動詞,用於till/until
持續性動詞用在含有till/until的句子結構，表示該動作一直持續到某時間終止，而瞬間動詞的否定結構用在till/until句子中，表示某動作不發生的狀態到某時間終止，可以譯為"直到…才…"。比如：
I'll stay till he comes.
我將待到他來。
I won't leave until he comes.
我要他來才離開。
They went on working till supper time.
他們繼續工作到晚餐時間。
They didn't stop working till supper time.
他們一直工作到晚餐時間才停止工作。
They lived in the city until the year 2000.
他們在這個城市一直居住到2000年。
They didn't move to another city until the year 2000.
直到2000年他們才搬到另一個城市。
We'll wait until day breaks.
我們將等到天亮。
We won't set out until day breaks.
我們直到天亮才出發。
They slept till noon.
他們一直睡到中午。
They didn't get up until noon.
他們直到中午才起床。
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