Innovation may take the form of lower price — the form with which the economist has been most concerned, for the simple reason that it is the only one that can be handled by his quantitative tools.
創新可能表現在更低的價格上——一直以來，經濟學家最關心的就是這點，原因很簡單，因為只有價格，經濟學家才能用量化的工具來分析。
But it may also be a new and better product (even at higher price), a new convenience or the creation of new want.
但是，創新也可能表現在更新更好的產品上（即使價格比較高），或提供新的方便性、創造新需求上。
It may be finding new uses for old products.
有時候則是為舊產品找到新用途。
A salesman who succeeded in selling refrigerators to the Eskimos to prevent food from freezing would be an "innovator" quite as much as if he had developed brand-new processes or invented a new product.
推銷員可能成功地把電冰箱推銷給愛斯基摩人，用來防止食物結凍，這樣的推銷員和開發出新程序或發明新產品的人一樣是“創新者”。
To sell the Eskimos a refrigerator to keep food cold, is finding a new market; to sell a refrigerator to keep food from getting too cold is actually creating a new product.
賣冰箱給愛斯基摩人冷藏食物，等於發現了新市場；賣冰箱給愛斯基摩人來防止食物過冷結凍，事實上等於創造了一個新產品。
Technologically there is, of course, only the same old product; but economically there is innovation.
從技術層面來看，當然還是舊產品，但從經濟角度來看，卻是一種創新。
REFERENCE:
- innovation 創新
- lower price 更低的價格
- economist 經濟學家
- concern 關心
- handle 分析，處理
- quantitative tool 量化的工具
- product 產品
- convenience 方便性
- creation創造
- new uses 新用途
- salesman 推銷員
- succeed 成功
- refrigerator 電冰箱
- Eskimos 愛斯基摩人
- prevent 防止
- freeze 結凍
- innovator 創新者
- develop 開發
- brand-new 全新的
- process 程序
- invent 發明
- market 市場
- actually 事實上
- create 創造
- technologically 從技術層面來看
- economically 從經濟角度來看
本文內容來源參考書籍《管理的實踐》
The Practice of Management
Peter F. Drucker
* 本書為第一部從實際執行層面立論的管理學書籍，第一部兼顧管理現有企業和創新未來企業的著作
