1. all/ whole
Ⅰ. 二者意義(“全部、都、整個”)相同,然而詞序不同。
Ⅱ. all用於冠詞,所有格或其它“限定詞”之前。
whole 則用於冠詞之後。如:
① all the time. ────→the whole time.全部時間
② all my life ────→the whole life.我的一生
③ all this confusion ─→ this whole confusion.整個混亂狀況。
Ⅲ. 如果沒有冠詞,或其它限定詞,whole不能與單數名詞連用。可以說:
① The whole city was burning.但不能說:
② Whole London was burning.
Ⅳ.whole 和 all 與複數名詞連用時意思不同。Whole 的意思為“全部”,而all的意思則近乎“每一個”如:
① All Indian tribes([traib]部首 ) suffered from white settlement in America.
所有印第安人部首都因白人移民美洲而遭殃。
② Whole Indian tribes were killed off.有些印第安人部落整個被殺光了。
Ⅴ. whole 一般不用來修飾不可數名詞(包括物質名詞)
① 可以說:all the money 或all the wine
② 不可以說:the whole money 或the whole wine.
③ The whole of = whole 與單數名詞連用。它用於冠詞、所有格之前。
the whole of the time.
the whole of my life
the whole of this confusion
2. allow/ permit/ let/ promise
Ⅰ. allow“允許、許可”,一般指聽任,或默許某人去做什麼,含有消極地不反對的意味。如:
① We allowed him to depart.
我們允許他離去。
② Who allowed you to leave the camp?
誰允許你離開營地的?
③ I can’t allow you to do that.
我不能允許你做那件事。
allow 也可表客氣的請求。如
① Will you allow me to use your pen?
我可以用你的鋼筆嗎?
Ⅱ. permit “允許、許可”但是正式地許可,含有比較積極地同意某人去做什麼的意味。如:
① I will permit him to do so.
我準備同意他這樣做。
② The sentinel permitted the strangers to pass when they had given the countersign.
當這群陌生人說出口令後,哨兵就允許他們通過了。
[注]: allow 與 permit 的涵義雖有差別,但在語言實踐中,它們常常被通用著。如:
① Smoking is not allowed here.此處禁止吸菸。
② Smoking is not permitted in this theatre.
本戲院裡禁止吸菸
Ⅲ. let.“允許、讓”它可以指積極地允許,但更多的是著重指不予反對和阻止其後所跟的賓語要接不帶to的不定式用以表示客氣的請求時,可與allow通用。且更具有口語色彩。如:
① Her father will not let her go.她父親不會讓她去。
② Don’t let this happen again. 不要讓這種事發生了。
③ Please let me know what happens.請告訴我發生些什麼事。
Ⅳ. promise “答應” “允諾”。與以上三個詞的意義不同,用於主體答應自己要作什麼的場合。如:
① He promised to begin at once.
他答應立刻開始。
② I promised (him) to attend to the matter promptly.
我答應(他)立即處理這件事。
③ They promised an immediate reply.
他們答應立即答覆。
3. almost/ nearly
Ⅰ. almost“差不多、幾乎”有very, nearly 的意思。如:
① He has almost finished his work.
他差不多完成了他的工作。
② Almost no one took any rest.
幾乎沒有一個人休息一下。
Ⅱ. nearly “差不多、幾乎、將近”指一差距一般比almost 大。如:
① It’s nearly five o’clock.
差不多五點鐘了。
② Nearly everyone knows it.
幾乎每個人都知道這個。
③ He’s nearly ready.
他快準備好了。
[注]:almost有時可與nearly通用,但當其與no, none, nothing, never連用時,不用nearly。如以上almost的例①可以互換,但例②則不能。
4. alone/ lonely
Ⅰ. alone adj. “單獨的”只能作表語。如:
① I’m alone but I don’t fell lonely.我單身一人但我從不覺得孤獨。
② 此外alone 還可作副詞。相當於by oneself,“單獨地”“獨自”
③ I’ll go there alone.我將獨自去那兒。
Ⅱ. lonely adj. “孤獨的”“寂寞的”有時還可表示“荒涼的”“無人煙的”意思,與deserted意思相同。含有較濃的情感色彩。既可作定語也可作表語。如:
① We’re together most of the time, so we never feel lonely.
② a lonely / deserted island
5. aloud/ loud/ loudly
Ⅰ. aloud adv. “出聲地”有使能聽得到的意味。如:
① Please read the story aloud. 請朗讀這個故事。
② They were shouting aloud.他們在高聲地呼喊。
Ⅱ. loud. adv “高聲地、大聲地、響亮地”常指在說笑等方面。如:
① Don’t talk so loud. 不要如此高聲地談話。
② Speak louder. 說得大聲點。
Ⅲ. loudly adv. “高聲地”有時與loud 通用,但含有喧鬧的意味。如:
① Someone knocked loudly at the door.
有人大聲敲門。
② Don’t talk so loudly(loud).
不要如此高聲地談話。
6. already/ yet /still
Ⅰ. already. adv. “已經”多用於肯定句中,通常與動詞的完成時或進行時連用。也可用於疑問句,但不表真心的疑問,而表“驚奇”。它多置於句中。有時為了強調而置於句末。如:
① I’ve seen the film already.
② The train has already left.
火車已經開走了。
③ Have you already had breakfast?
難道你已經吃過早餐了?
Ⅱ. yet adv “已經、仍然、還”一般只用於否定句或疑問句,且常常置於句末。如:
① He hasn’t found his bike yet
他還沒有找到他的自行車。
Ⅲ. still adv “仍然、還”可用於各種句中,且一般只用於句中。如:
① Do you still teach in that school?
你還在那所學校教書?
[注]:still在句中的位置不同,其意義也不同。如:
① He is still(還)standing there.
② He is standing there still(adj.不動的、靜止的)
他站在那兒一動也不動。
7. also/ as well/ too/ either “也”
Ⅰ. also較正式,位置通常靠近動詞,用於句中;且用於肯定句中。如:
① He also plays football. 他也踢足球。
② I was also there.我也在那兒。
Ⅱ. too 多用於口語,通常置於句末,前邊須用逗號隔開,也可用於句中,且前後均須用逗號隔開,;用於肯定句中。如:
① He is a worker, too.
② The two cows, too, are white.
那兩頭奶牛也全都是白的。
Ⅲ. as well 是副詞短語,多用於口語,只用於句末。如:
① She not only taught us English but taught us maths as well.
她不但教過我們英語,還教過我們數學。
② He is a teacher and a writer as well.他是位教師,也是一位作家。
Ⅳ. either 用於否定句中,常置於句末。在肯定句變否定句時,其中的also, too, as well都要改為either.
① Yesterday I didn’t watch TV and I didn’t see the film, either.
昨天我沒有看電視,也沒有看電影。
8. for / from / since
Ⅰ. 三者都能用來表示時間,但用法不同。
since
“自從”,所表示的是一個時間點。可用作介詞,也可用作連詞,後接時間名詞或短語,或引導時間狀語從句;要求前面的謂語動詞或主句的謂語動詞必須用完成時態,要用延續性動詞。而since引導的從句中的謂語動詞通常應是短暫性的動詞。若接時間,則應為點時間。如:① He has worked there since1989.
② She has lived here since she moved here.
Ⅱ. from “自從” 只用作介詞,表一個事情的開始點,可用於過去、現在或將來的時態。如:
① They worked from 7:00 to 12:00 this morning.
② We have been good friends from childhood.
Ⅲ. for 作為介詞,後面接段時間,用於完成時、現在時、過去時和將來時,句中要用延續性動詞。如:
① We’ll stay here for ten minutes.
我們將在這兒呆10分鐘。
② They have studied English for three yeas.
9. although/ though
Ⅰ. although conj. “儘管、雖然”引導讓步狀語從句,相當於 though. 只是比though稍微正式些。多用於句首。though 用於非正式文體中,較普遍,但以下幾種用法,不能用although. 如:
表強調時,要用even though,如:
Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.
儘管我一字不識,我還是一直微笑著。
②. Though可用在倒裝句中,如:
Young though he is, he is quite experienced.
他雖然年輕,但很有經驗。
③ though 可作副詞,表示“然而”放在句末或其它位置。如:He said he would come, he didn’t though.他說他要來,結果他卻沒來。
[此外],although不用著副詞。在英語中如果用了although 或 though, 就不能再有but,但可以用yet或still; 反之,如果用了but , 就不能用although 和 though. 如:
① Although he is in poor health, (yet) he works hard. = He is in poor health, but he works hard.雖然他身體不好,但他工作仍努力。
②Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.雖然天氣很冷,他未穿外衣就出去了。
③ He is quite strong, although very old. 他雖然很老了,但還是十分健壯。
Ⅱ. though 常用作連詞,“雖然”。在口語中還用著副詞,一般放在句末,意為“可是、然而”等。如:
① He didn’t light the fire, though it was cold.
天氣雖很冷,他卻還沒生火。
② Though it was very late, he went on working.
雖然很晚了,他還是繼續工作。
③ He said he would come, he didn’t, though.
他說他來,可是結果他沒有來。
10 . always / yet
Ⅰ. always “總是;一直”常與一般現在時連用。有時也與進行時連用, 但並不強調動作正在進行,而是表示“讚歎、厭煩、不滿”等情緒。常用於肯定句中,放在“三類詞”(情態動詞、助動詞、系動詞本書稱為“三類詞”)之後,行為動詞之前。如:
① We always get up before six o’clock.
我們總是六點前起床。
② He is always thinking of others.
他總是想著別人。
Ⅱ. yet. “仍然;還”常與not連用。用於否定結構中。如:
①He hasn’t finished the work yet. 他還沒完成這項工作。
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