初中英語短語歸納解析(四)

1. all/ whole

Ⅰ. 二者意義(“全部、都、整個”)相同,然而詞序不同。

Ⅱ. all用於冠詞,所有格或其它“限定詞”之前。

whole 則用於冠詞之後。如:

① all the time. ────→the whole time.全部時間

② all my life ────→the whole life.我的一生

③ all this confusion ─→ this whole confusion.整個混亂狀況。

Ⅲ. 如果沒有冠詞,或其它限定詞,whole不能與單數名詞連用。可以說:

① The whole city was burning.但不能說:

② Whole London was burning.

Ⅳ.whole all 與複數名詞連用時意思不同。Whole 的意思為“全部”,而all的意思則近乎“每一個”如:

All Indian tribes([traib]部首 ) suffered from white settlement in America.

所有印第安人部首都因白人移民美洲而遭殃。

Whole Indian tribes were killed off.有些印第安人部落整個被殺光了。

Ⅴ. whole 一般不用來修飾不可數名詞(包括物質名詞)

① 可以說:all the money 或all the wine

② 不可以說:the whole money 或the whole wine.

③ The whole of = whole 與單數名詞連用。它用於冠詞、所有格之前。

the whole of the time.

the whole of my life

the whole of this confusion

2. allow/ permit/ let/ promise

Ⅰ. allow“允許、許可”,一般指聽任,或默許某人去做什麼,含有消極地不反對的意味。如:

① We allowed him to depart.

我們允許他離去。

② Who allowed you to leave the camp?

誰允許你離開營地的?

③ I can’t allow you to do that.

我不能允許你做那件事。

allow 也可表客氣的請求。如

① Will you allow me to use your pen?

我可以用你的鋼筆嗎?

Ⅱ. permit “允許、許可”但是正式地許可,含有比較積極地同意某人去做什麼的意味。如:

① I will permit him to do so.

我準備同意他這樣做。

② The sentinel permitted the strangers to pass when they had given the countersign.

當這群陌生人說出口令後,哨兵就允許他們通過了。

[注]:

allow 與 permit 的涵義雖有差別,但在語言實踐中,它們常常被通用著。如:

① Smoking is not allowed here.此處禁止吸菸。

② Smoking is not permitted in this theatre.

本戲院裡禁止吸菸

Ⅲ. let.允許、讓”它可以指積極地允許,但更多的是著重指不予反對和阻止其後所跟的賓語要接不帶to的不定式用以表示客氣的請求時,可與allow通用。且更具有口語色彩。如:

① Her father will not let her go.她父親不會讓她去。

② Don’t let this happen again. 不要讓這種事發生了。

③ Please let me know what happens.請告訴我發生些什麼事。

Ⅳ. promise “答應” “允諾”。與以上三個詞的意義不同,用於主體答應自己要作什麼的場合。如:

① He promised to begin at once.

他答應立刻開始。

② I promised (him) to attend to the matter promptly.

我答應(他)立即處理這件事。

③ They promised an immediate reply.

他們答應立即答覆。

3. almost/ nearly

Ⅰ. almost“差不多、幾乎”有very, nearly 的意思。如:

① He has almost finished his work.

他差不多完成了他的工作。

Almost no one took any rest.

幾乎沒有一個人休息一下。

Ⅱ. nearly “差不多、幾乎、將近”指一差距一般比almost 大。如:

① It’s nearly five o’clock.

差不多五點鐘了。

Nearly everyone knows it.

幾乎每個人都知道這個。

③ He’s nearly ready.

他快準備好了。

[注]:almost有時可與nearly通用,但當其與no, none, nothing, never連用時,不用nearly。如以上almost的例①可以互換,但例②則不能。

4. alone/ lonely

Ⅰ. alone adj. “單獨的”只能作表語。如:

① I’m alone but I don’t fell lonely.我單身一人但我從不覺得孤獨。

② 此外alone 還可作副詞。相當於by oneself,“單獨地”“獨自”

③ I’ll go there alone.我將獨自去那兒。

Ⅱ. lonely adj. “孤獨的”“寂寞的”有時還可表示“荒涼的”“無人煙的”意思,與deserted意思相同。含有較濃的情感色彩。既可作定語也可作表語。如:

① We’re together most of the time, so we never feel lonely.

a lonely / deserted island

5. aloud/ loud/ loudly

Ⅰ. aloud adv. “出聲地”有使能聽得到的意味。如:

① Please read the story aloud. 請朗讀這個故事。

② They were shouting aloud.他們在高聲地呼喊。

Ⅱ. loud. adv “高聲地、大聲地、響亮地”常指在說笑等方面。如:

① Don’t talk so loud. 不要如此高聲地談話。

② Speak louder. 說得大聲點。

Ⅲ. loudly adv. “高聲地”有時與loud 通用,但含有喧鬧的意味。如:

① Someone knocked loudly at the door.

有人大聲敲門。

② Don’t talk so loudly(loud).

不要如此高聲地談話。

6. already/ yet /still

Ⅰ. already. adv. “已經”多用於肯定句中,通常與動詞的完成時或進行時連用。也可用於疑問句,但不表真心的疑問,而表“驚奇”。它多置於句中。有時為了強調而置於句末。如:

① I’ve seen the film already.

② The train has already left.

火車已經開走了。

③ Have you already had breakfast?

難道你已經吃過早餐了?

Ⅱ. yet adv “已經、仍然、還”一般只用於否定句或疑問句,且常常置於句末。如:

① He hasn’t found his bike yet

他還沒有找到他的自行車。

Ⅲ. still adv “仍然、還”可用於各種句中,且一般只用於句中。如:

① Do you still teach in that school?

你還在那所學校教書?

[注]:still在句中的位置不同,其意義也不同。如:

① He is still(還)standing there.

② He is standing there still(adj.不動的、靜止的)

他站在那兒一動也不動。

7. also/ as well/ too/ either “也”

Ⅰ. also較正式,位置通常靠近動詞,用於句中;且用於肯定句中。如:

① He also plays football. 他也踢足球。

② I was also there.我也在那兒。

Ⅱ. too 多用於口語,通常置於句末,前邊須用逗號隔開,也可用於句中,且前後均須用逗號隔開,;用於肯定句中。如:

① He is a worker, too.

② The two cows, too, are white.

那兩頭奶牛也全都是白的。

Ⅲ. as well 是副詞短語,多用於口語,只用於句末。如:

① She not only taught us English but taught us maths as well.

她不但教過我們英語,還教過我們數學。

② He is a teacher and a writer as well.他是位教師,也是一位作家。

Ⅳ. either 用於否定句中,常置於句末。在肯定句變否定句時,其中的also, too, as well都要改為either.

① Yesterday I didn’t watch TV and I didn’t see the film, either.

昨天我沒有看電視,也沒有看電影。

8. for / from / since

Ⅰ. 三者都能用來表示時間,但用法不同。

since

“自從”,所表示的是一個時間點。可用作介詞,也可用作連詞,後接時間名詞或短語,或引導時間狀語從句;要求前面的謂語動詞或主句的謂語動詞必須用完成時態,要用延續性動詞。而since引導的從句中的謂語動詞通常應是短暫性的動詞。若接時間,則應為點時間。如:

① He has worked there since1989.

② She has lived here since she moved here.

Ⅱ. from “自從” 只用作介詞,表一個事情的開始點,可用於過去、現在或將來的時態。如:

① They worked from 7:00 to 12:00 this morning.

② We have been good friends from childhood.

Ⅲ. for 作為介詞,後面接段時間,用於完成時、現在時、過去時和將來時,句中要用延續性動詞。如:

① We’ll stay here for ten minutes.

我們將在這兒呆10分鐘。

② They have studied English for three yeas.

9. although/ though

Ⅰ. although conj. “儘管、雖然”引導讓步狀語從句,相當於 though. 只是比though稍微正式些。多用於句首。though 用於非正式文體中,較普遍,但以下幾種用法,不能用although. 如:

表強調時,要用even though,如:

Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.

儘管我一字不識,我還是一直微笑著。

②. Though可用在倒裝句中,如:

Young though he is, he is quite experienced.

他雖然年輕,但很有經驗。

though 可作副詞,表示“然而”放在句末或其它位置。如:He said he would come, he didn’t though.他說他要來,結果他卻沒來。

[此外],although不用著副詞。在英語中如果用了although 或 though, 就不能再有but,但可以用yet或still; 反之,如果用了but , 就不能用although 和 though. 如:

① Although he is in poor health, (yet) he works hard. = He is in poor health, but he works hard.雖然他身體不好,但他工作仍努力。

②Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.雖然天氣很冷,他未穿外衣就出去了。

③ He is quite strong, although very old. 他雖然很老了,但還是十分健壯。

Ⅱ. though 常用作連詞,“雖然”。在口語中還用著副詞,一般放在句末,意為“可是、然而”等。如:

① He didn’t light the fire, though it was cold.

天氣雖很冷,他卻還沒生火。

② Though it was very late, he went on working.

雖然很晚了,他還是繼續工作。

③ He said he would come, he didn’t, though.

他說他來,可是結果他沒有來。

10 . always / yet

Ⅰ. always “總是;一直”常與一般現在時連用。有時也與進行時連用, 但並不強調動作正在進行,而是表示“讚歎、厭煩、不滿”等情緒。常用於肯定句中,放在“三類詞”(情態動詞、助動詞、系動詞本書稱為“三類詞”)之後,行為動詞之前。如:

① We always get up before six o’clock.

我們總是六點前起床。

② He is always thinking of others.

他總是想著別人。

Ⅱ. yet. “仍然;還”常與not連用。用於否定結構中。如:

①He hasn’t finished the work yet. 他還沒完成這項工作。

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初中英語短語歸納解析(四)


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