正文翻譯
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Most people know that good oral hygiene -- brushing, flossing, and regular dental visits -- is lixed to good health. Colorado State University microbiome researchers offer fresh evidence to support that conventional wisdom, by taking a close look at invisible communities of microbes that live in every mouth.
大多數人都知道良好的口腔衛生——刷牙、使用牙線和定期看牙——與健康息息相關。科羅拉多州立大學的微生物組研究人員通過仔細觀察生活在每一個嘴巴里的看不見的微生物群落，為這一傳統觀點提供了新的證據。
The oral microbiome - the sum total of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, that occupy the human mouth -- was the subject of a crowd-sourced, citizen science-driven study by Jessica Metcalf''''s research lab at CSU and Nicole Garneau''''s research team at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science. Published in Scientific Reports, the study found, among other things, a correlation between people who did not visit the dentist regularly and increased presence of a pathogen that causes periodontal disease.
口腔微生物群是佔據人類口腔的微生物，包括細菌和真菌的總和，是傑西卡·梅特卡夫在CSU的研究實驗室和尼科爾·加諾在丹佛自然和科學博物館進行的一項由人群來源的公民科學驅動為主題的研究。發表在《科學報告》上的這項研究發現，不經常看牙醫的人與一種導致牙周疾病的病原體的增加之間存在相關性。
For the experiments, carried out by Garneau''''s community science team in the Genetics of Taste Lab at the museum, a wide cross-section of museum visitors submitted to a cheek swab and answered simple questions about their demographics, lifestyles and health habits. Microbial DNA sequencing data analyzed by Metcalf''''s group revealed, broadly, that oral health habits affect the communities of bacteria in the mouth. The study underscored the need to think about oral health as strongly lixed to the health of the entire body.
加諾的社區科學團隊在博物館的味覺遺傳學實驗室進行了這些實驗。在實驗中，來自各個不同領域的參觀者提交了一份面頰拭子，並回答了有關他們的人口統計學特徵、生活方式和健康習慣的簡單問題。梅特卡夫團隊分析的微生物DNA測序數據顯示，口腔健康習慣廣泛地影響著口腔內的細菌群落。這項研究強調了口腔健康與整個身體健康密切相關的必要性。
"Our study also showed that crowdsourcing and using community scientists can be a really good way to get this type of data, without having to use large, case-controlled studies," said Zach Burcham, a postdoctoral researcher and the paper''''s lead author. Senior author Metcalf is an associate professor in the Department of Animal Sciences and a member of CSU''''s Microbiome Network.
“我們的研究還表明，眾包和利用社區科學家是獲得這類數據的一種非常好的方式，而不需要使用大型的病例對照研究，”該論文的主要作者、博士後研究員扎克伯查姆(Zach Burcham)說。資深作者梅特卡夫是動物科學系的副教授，也是CSU微生物群落網絡的成員。
Cheek swabs
臉頰拭子
Back in 2015, paper-co-author Garneau and her team trained volunteer citizen scientists to use large swabs to collect cheek cells from museum visitors - a naturally diverse population -- who consented to the study. These trained citizen scientists helped collect swabs from 366 individuals -- 181 adults and 185 youth aged 8 to 17.
早在2015年，論文的合著者加諾和她的團隊訓練志願者公民科學家使用大的棉籤從博物館遊客——一個自然多樣化的人群——收集面頰細胞，他們同意這項研究。這些訓練有素的公民科學家幫助收集了366個人的樣本，其中包括181名成年人和185名8至17歲的年輕人。
The original impetus for the study was to determine whether and to what extent the oral microbiome contributes to how people taste sweet things. In collecting this data, which was also reported in the paper, the researchers noted more significant data points around oral health habits.
這項研究的最初目的是確定口腔微生物群是否以及在多大程度上影響了人們品嚐甜食的方式。在收集這些數據的過程中，研究人員發現了更多關於口腔健康習慣的重要數據。
To help translate the data, Garneau turned to Metcalf''''s team of experts at CSU. Burcham and the microbiome scientists employed sophisticated sequencing and analysis tools to determine which microbes were present in which mouths. Sequencing for the data was performed in collaboration with scientists in Rob Knight''''s group at University of California San Diego. A nutrition team from Michigan State University also brought in expertise on the importance of child and maternal relationships to the data analysis.
為了幫助翻譯這些數據，加諾求助於麥特卡夫在加州州立大學的專家團隊。伯徹姆和微生物組科學家使用了先進的測序和分析工具來確定哪些微生物存在於哪些口腔中。這些數據的排序是與加州大學聖地亞哥分校羅伯·奈特小組的科學家合作完成的。密歇根州立大學的一個營養學團隊也在數據分析中引入了有關母嬰關係重要性的專業知識。
"Together, we had a dream team for using community science to answer complicated questions about human health and nutrition, using state-of-the-art microbial sequencing and analysis," Garneau said.
加諾說:“我們共同組成了一個夢之隊，利用先進的微生物測序和分析技術，利用社區科學來回答有關人類健康和營養的複雜問題。”
Flossing and regular dental care
使用牙線和定期的牙齒護理
The study grouped people who flossed or didn''''t floss (almost everyone said they brushed, so that wasn''''t a useful data point). Participants who flossed were found to have lower microbial diversity in their mouths than non-flossers. This is most likely due to the physical removal of bacteria that could be causing inflammation or disease.
這項研究將使用牙線或不使用牙線的人分組(幾乎每個人都說他們使用牙線，所以這不是一個有用的數據點)。研究發現，用牙線清潔牙齒的人口腔內的微生物多樣性比不使用牙線清潔牙齒的人要低。這很可能是由於物理上清除了可能導致炎症或疾病的細菌。
Adults who had gone to a dentist in the last three months had lower overall microbial diversity in their mouths than those who hadn''''t gone in 12 months or longer, and had less of the periodontal disease-causing oral pathogen, Treponema. This, again, was probably due to dental cleaning removing rarer bacterial taxa in the mouth. Youth tended to have had a dental visit more recently than adults.
與12個月或更長時間未看牙醫的成年人相比，過去3個月去看牙醫的成年人口腔微生物總體多樣性較低，導致牙周疾病的口腔病原體密螺旋體也較少。這也可能是由於牙齒清潔清除了口腔中比較少見的細菌種類。年輕人看牙醫的時間比老人要晚頻繁。
Youth microbiomes differed among males and females, and by weight. Children considered obese according to their body mass indices had distinct microbiomes as compared to non-obese children. The obese children also tended to have higher levels of Treponema, the same pathogen found in adults who hadn''''t been to the dentist in more than a year. In other words, the researchers saw a possible lix between childhood obesity and periodontal disease. "This was very interesting to me, that we were able to detect these data in such a general population, with such a variable group of people," Burcham said.
青年的微生物群落在男性和女性之間以及在體重上存在差異。根據體重指數劃分，肥胖的兒童與不肥胖的兒童相比，具有明顯的微生物群。肥胖兒童體內的密螺旋體水平也更高，這與一年多沒有看牙醫的成年人體內發現的病原體相同。換句話說，研究人員發現了兒童肥胖和牙周病之間可能存在的聯繫。伯徹姆說:“這對我來說非常有趣，我們能夠在如此普遍的人群中，在如此多變的人群中檢測到這些數據。”
Other data uncovered: The microbiomes of younger participants, mostly in the 8- to 9-year-old range, had more diversity than those of adults. However, adult microbiomes varied more widely from person to person. The researchers think this is due to the environments and diets of adults being more wide-ranging than children.
其他數據顯示:大多在8- 9歲之間的年輕參與者的微生物群，比成年人有更多的多樣性。然而，成人微生物群落在人與人之間的差異更大。研究人員認為，這是由於成年人的環境和飲食比兒童更廣泛。
They also saw that people who lived in the same household shared similar oral microbiomes.
他們還發現，住在同一屋簷下的人有著相似的口腔微生物群。
"When you look at families who live together, you find they share more of those rare taxa, the bacteria that aren''''t found as often in higher abundances," Burcham explained. It was a data point that underscored the relevance of one''''s built environment in relationship to the microbial communities in our bodies.
“當你觀察住在一起的家庭，你會發現他們共享更多的稀有類群，這些細菌在較高的丰度中不常見，”伯徹姆解釋說。這是一個數據點，強調了一個人的建築環境與我們體內微生物群落的相關性。
Working on the mouth study was fascinating, albeit outside Burcham''''s normal scope; he is usually focused on studying microbial ecology of decomposition.
研究口腔非常有趣，儘管超出了伯徹姆的正常研究範圍;他通常專注於研究微生物分解生態學。
"I think how our lives are essentially driven by our microbiomes, and affected by our microbiomes, is interesting, no matter what system we''''re looking at," Burcham said.
伯徹姆說:“我認為，不管我們觀察的是什麼系統，我們的生活基本上是由我們的微生物群落驅動和影響的，這很有趣。”
The study was made possible by a Science Education Partnership Award from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health (Award #R250D021909).
這項研究是由美國國立衛生研究院國立普通醫學科學研究所頒發的“科學教育夥伴獎”促成的(獎項號為R250D021909)。
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