一、語態概述
英語的語態是通過動詞形式的變化表現出來的。
英語中有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態。
主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者。
例如：Many people speak Chinese.
謂語：speak的動作是由主語many people來執行的。
被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。
例如：Chinese is spoken by many people.
主語Chinese是動詞speak的承受者。
二、被動語態的構成
1、被動語態中謂語動詞的基本構成：
be + done
2、八種時態的被動語態：（變 be 的時態即可，done不動）
1）一般現在時：am / is / are + done
①People grow rice in the south of the country.
Rice is grown in the south of the country.
②The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
2）一般過去時：was / were + done
①They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
②The students didn't forget his lessons easily.
His lessons were not easily forgotten
3）一般將來時：will + be done
①They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
②They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.
Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
4）一般過去將來時：would + be done
①The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
② The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.
The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.
5）現在進行時：am / is / are + being + done
①The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
② We are painting the rooms.
The rooms are being painted.
6）過去進行時：was / were + being + done
①The workers were mending the road.
The road was being mended.
②This time last year we were planting trees here.
Trees were being planted here this time last year.
7）現在完成時：have / has + been + done
①Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off.
I have been told the sports meeting might be put off.
②He has brought his book here.
His book has been brought here.
8）過去完成時：had + been + done
①When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
② The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; people had considered him to be a great leader.
The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; he had been considered to be a great leader
3、含有情態動詞的被動語態：情態動詞+ be+ done
①You must hand in your compositions after class.
Your compositions must be handed in after class.
②He can write a great many letters with the computer.
A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.
4、被動語態的使用情況
1）當不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執行者時，這時往往不用by 短語。
“Mr. White, the cup was broken after class. ”
2）突出或強調動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執行者，用by 短語。
These records were made by John Denver.
5、主動語態變被動語態的方法
1）把主動語態的賓語變成被動語態的主語。
2）把主動語態的謂語變成被動語態的be + 過去分詞，時態要與原句保持一致。
3）把主動語態的主語變為介詞by 的賓語，放在被動語態裡謂語動詞之後，by 短語可以省略。
My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
→I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.
The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
→A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
6、語態轉換時應注意的問題
1） 把主動語態變為被動語態時，其謂語動詞的時態要與原句時態保持一致，其謂語動詞的數要與新主語保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
→A new computer has been bought. (正確)
→A new computer have been bought. (錯誤)
2）含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變為主語，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
→I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當的介詞，如上句還可以說
→A present was given to me yesterday.
3） 由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。
The patient is being operated on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.
His request was turned down.
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather
4）帶複合賓語(賓語+ 賓補)的動詞改為被動語態時，一般把主動結構中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞後面。
We always keep the classroom clean.
→The classroom is always kept clean.
She told us to follow her instructions.
→We were told to follow her instructions.
注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞後作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動語態後必須還原to。
We often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often heard to play the guitar.
5）當主動句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變為anybody, 作by的賓語，並將謂語動詞變為否定的被動語態。
Nobody can answer this question.
誤：The question can be answered by nobody.
正：The question can not be answered by anybody.
6）當否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應將其分別變為nothing, nobody, no one作主語，並將謂語動詞變為肯定的被動語態。
They haven't done anything to make the river clean.
誤：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.
正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.
7）以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用by whom放在句首。
Who wrote the story?
誤：Who was the story written?
正：By whom was the story written?
8）有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內在品質或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。
The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。
The new product sells well. 這新產品很暢銷。
The books sell well. 這些書銷量很好。
9）下列情況主動句不能改為被動句。
①感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound。
— Do you like the material?
— Yes, it feels very soft.
②不及物動詞沒有被動語態，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.
After the earthquake, few houses remained.
③賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變為被動句子的主語。
I taught myself English.
誤：Myself was taught English.
We love each other.
誤：Each other is loved.
主動變被動語態的口訣
被動語態強調“賓”，用 be加上“過去分”。
“be”要隨著主語變，人稱時態要弄準。
“行為對象”作主語，邏輯主語“by”來引。
原句若是雙賓語，一變“主”來一保“賓”。
“間賓”要把主語變，原來“直賓”還是“賓”。
“直賓”要把主語變，“間賓”前加“to”最稱心。
唯有原“賓”是“複合”，只有變賓要當心。
原句“賓補”變“主補”，位置不必挪寸分。
情態動詞變“被動”，情態加be加過分。
如若“情態”後帶to，變後有to才弄準。
“短語動詞”變“被動”，相當“及物”莫疑心。
不過其後“介”或“副”，變後還得要承認。
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