【英語】高中英語語法系列:被動語態,假期學起來!(上)

第二章 被動語態

語態也是動詞的一種形式,表示主語與謂語之間的關係。英語有兩種語態:主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是謂語動作的執行者,而被動語態則表示主語是謂語動作的承受者。

一、被動語態的構成

被動語態是由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構成,如果有必要強調動作的執行者,動作執行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示。助動詞be隨主語的人稱、數、時態和語氣的不同而變化。

(一)十種常見時態的被動語態

1、一般現在時

主動語態:do

被動語態:am/is/are/done

We clean the classroom every day. 我們每天打掃教室。

The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我們打掃。

2、一般過去時

主動語態:did

被動語態:was/were/done

We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我們打掃了教室。

The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我們打掃了。

3、一般將來時

主動語態:will/shall do

被動語態:will/shall be done

We will clean the classroom soon. 我們很快要打掃教室。

The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打掃了。

4、一般過去將來時

主動語態:would do

被動語態:would be done

We told him that we would clean the classroom soon. 我們告訴他我們馬上就打掃教室。

We told him that the classroom would becleaned soon. 我們告訴他教室很快就會被打掃的。

5、現在進行時

主動語態:am/is/are doing

被動語態:am/is/are being done

We are cleaning the classroom now. 我們現在正在打掃教室。

The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室現在正在被打掃。

6、過去進行時

主動語態:was/were doing

被動語態:was/were being done

We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday. 昨天這個時候我們在打掃教室。

The classroom was being cleaned this time yesterday. 昨天這個時候教室正在被打掃

7、現在完成時

主動語態:has/have done

被動語態:has/have been done

The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it. 教室看起來很整潔。我們已經打掃了。

The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. 教室看起來很整潔。它已經被打掃了

8、過去完成時

主動語態:had done

被動語態:had been done

The classroom looked tidy. We had cleaned it. 教室看起來很整潔。我們已經打掃過了。

The classroom looked tidy. It had been cleaned. 教室看起來很整潔。它已經被打掃過了。

9、將來完成時

主動語態:will/shall have done

被動語態:will/shall have been done

We will have cleaned the classroom by five o'clock. 我們將在五點之前打掃完教室。

The classroom will have been cleaned by five o'clock. 教室將在五點以前打掃完。

10、過去將來完成時

主動語態:would have done

被動語態:would have been done

I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 500. 我說我們將在五點之前打掃完教室。

I said the classroom would have been cleaned by 500. 我說教室將在五點以前打掃完。

(二)“get+過去分詞”結構

被動語態除常用“be +過去分詞”構成外,還可用“get+過去分詞”結構。這種結構多用在口語中,強調動作的結果。

The boy got hurt when he was riding toschool. 那孩子騎車上學時受傷了。

Did your letter get answered 你收到回信了嗎?

【注意】用“get+過去分詞”結構時,其後的動作執行者(即by短語)一般不表示出來。

Finally his bike got repaired. 最後他的自行車得到了修理。

(三)“seem/appear+過去分詞”結構

有時“seem/appear+過去分詞”也可以構成被動語態。

She seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的話搞得很惱火。

The house appears deserted. 這房子好像沒人居住。

【提示】並不是所有的“be+過去分詞”結構中的be都能被get或seem,appear等詞代替。

(誤)She got born in a small village.

她出生在一個小村莊。

(正)She was born in a smallvillage.

(誤)The old man got offered a large sum of money.

這位老人獲得了一大筆錢。

(正)The old man was offered a large sum of money.

(誤)Colin got caught cheating in the exam.

科林考試作弊被抓住了。

(正)Colin were caught cheating in the exam.

(四)被動語態中常用的介詞

1、by表示動作的執行者或施加者

By whom is the book written 這本書是誰寫的?

2、with表示用某種工具

The wolf was killed with a gun. 狼被槍打死了。

3、from表示源於某種物質(看不出原材料)

Good wine is made from grain. 好酒是糧食製成的。

4、of表示用某種材料製成(看得出原材料)

The table is made of wood. 這張桌子是用木頭做的。

5、其他介詞

You are wanted on the phone. 有電話找你。

He is known to everybody. 大家都認識他。

She was caught in the rain. 她遭雨淋了。

【注意】動作執行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示,但被動語態句子中的by短語並不總是表示動作執行者。

A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以通過他的服裝辨認出來。(by表示方式)

He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner. 她邀請他吃晚飯,他受寵若驚了。(by表示原因)

The snow was piled high by the gate. 門口雪堆積得很高。(by表示地點)

二、被動語態的用法

英語中,大多數情況下用主動語態比較簡練、有力。但是,被動語態也有其特殊的用途,它也是表達思想、描述事物的需要。人們通常在下列情況下使用被動語態:

(一)不知道或不必說出動作的執行者

How is this word pronounced 這個單詞怎麼發音?

Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves. 科學家們說,力移動時就做了功。

A greater number of magic English books will be published next year. 明年將有更多的魔法英語書出版。

After war, everything had been destroyed. 戰爭結束後,一切都被毀壞了。

(二)強調動作的承受者

If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你違反校規,你將受到懲罰。(強調you)

A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我們家鄉將開辦一所新的希望學校。(強調a new Hope School)

She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜歡她。

(三)動作的執行者不是人而是無生命的事物

The bridge was washed away by the flood. 橋被洪水沖走了。

We were shocked by the news of his death. 我們聽到他的死訊極為震驚。

(四)修辭的需要,為了使句子更加簡練、勻稱

He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出現在舞臺上,受到了觀眾的熱烈鼓掌。

The old professor gave alecture on American history and was well received. 這位老教授作了一個有關美國曆史的講座,受到大家的熱烈歡迎。

(五)為了表示委婉或禮貌,避免提及動作執行者或說話者自己

The control room may not be entered without permission.

非經許可,勿入控制室。

(六)科技文獻中為了客觀地描述事情及其過程

The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shades and colours of light.

膠捲上塗了一層感光的化學物質,這些物質因光的不同色度與顏色而改變。

(七)新聞報道中為了體現新聞的客觀性

The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nation's west development campaign.

西氣東輸工程7月4日全線開工,這是國家西部大開發戰略的一件大事。

(八)有些動詞習慣上常用被動語態

He was born in this city.

他出生在這個城市。

【注意】被動語態中的by短語通常可以省去。但如果by短語是句子的重點所在,或者沒有by短語全句的意思不完整時,則要保留by短語。

The vegetables didn't taste very good.They had been cooked too long.

蔬菜的味道不好,燒的時間太長了。(不需要動作的執行者)

He arrived at the airport, where he was met by his friend.

他到達了機場並受到朋友的迎接。(沒有by his friend,句子的意思不完整)

三、主動語態變被動語態

中國人的思維的著眼點在動作的施動者,英美人思維的著眼點在動作的承受者。

中國人常這樣說:I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你準時到那裡。

英美人常這樣說:You are expected to be there on time. 希望你準時到那裡。

這就是英語中被動語態的使用比漢語中多的原因。由於英語句子的主動語態結構不同,因而變成被動語態的方式也各不相同。

(一)主語 + 謂語 + 賓語

“主語 + 謂語 + 賓語”結構中只有一個賓語,變為被動語態時,將賓語變為主語:

They will discuss the plan at the meeting.

他們將在會議上討論這個問題。

→The plan will be discussed at themeeting. 這個問題將在會議上討論。

(二)主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語

在這個句型中,謂語動詞跟有兩個賓語。變成被動語態時,一般將通常指人的間接賓語轉化成主語,但有時也可將指物的間接賓語轉化成主語:

We gave the student some books.

我們給了這個學生幾本書。

→The student was given some books.

這個學生被給了幾本書。

→Some books were given to the student. 幾本書被給了這個學生。

【注意】直接賓語作被動語態的主語時,通常要在間接賓語前加上適當的介詞(如to, for, of等),以加強間接賓語的語氣。

They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他們授予他諾貝爾獎。

→The Nobel Prize was awarded(to)him. 諾貝爾獎被授予給他。

(三)主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語

在這個句型中,謂語動詞後有一個賓語和一個賓語補足語,變成被動語態時,賓語轉化成主語,賓語補足語也隨之變為主語補足語:

All the villagers painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子塗成了白色。

→The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都塗成了白色。

【注意】有些使役動詞和感官動詞,如make,see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to等,在主動結構中跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語,在變為被動結構時,不定式應加上to。

We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我們聽見他向朋友們道別。

→He was heard to say good-bye tohis friends. 他被聽到向朋友們道別。

(四)含有情態動詞的主動句變被動句

含有情態動詞的謂語變成被動語態時,用“情態動詞+ bedone”構成。

情態動詞:can,could,may,might,must,have/had to,will,would,shall,should,ought to

主動形式:can/could do, may/might do,must do,have/had to do,will/would do,shall/should do,ought to do

被動形式:can/could be done,may/might be done,must be done,have/had to be done,will/would be done,shall/should be done,ought to be done

The machine must be operated with care.

這機器必須小心操作。

Such a sentence ought not to be used here.

這個句子不應該用在這裡。

(五)含有“be goingto do”和“be to do”等結構的主動句變被動句

含有“be going to do和 be to do 等結構的謂語動詞,變成被動語態時,分別用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在這兩種結構中,be只有一般現在時和一般過去時兩種形式。

The problem is going to be discussed atthe meeting.

這個問題將在會上討論。

(六)含有賓語從句的主動句變被動句

帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動語態時,通常用it來作為被動句的形式主語,賓語從句保留不變。

They said that he had gone abroad to study English.

他們說他出國學英語去了。

→It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 據說他出國學英語去了。

【提示】帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動語態時,為了簡練,還可把從句的主語變為被動句的主語,從句的謂語部分還可以變為不定式短語。

We believed that he would succeed. 我們相信他會成功。

→He was believed to succeed. 人們相信他會成功。

(七)祈使句的被動語態

肯定的祈使句的被動語態結構是:Let + 賓語 + be + 過去分詞;否定的祈使句的被動語態結構是:Don't + let + 賓語 + be + 過去分詞(或Let + 賓語 + not +be + 過去分詞)。

Move the desks into the corridor.

→Let the desks be moved into thecorridor. 把課桌搬到走廊去。

(八)動詞短語構成的被動語態

一般情況下,只有及物動詞才能跟賓語,而不及物動詞不能直接跟賓語,所以只有及物動詞才有被動語態,不及物動詞則沒有被動語態。但有些不及物動詞後面跟上介詞或副詞後,變成一個動詞短語,相當於一個及物動詞,因此就可以有被動語態。

The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well.

→The patients are well looked afterby the nurses in this hospital. 病人在這所醫院裡被護士們照料得很周到。

【注意】在使用被動語態時,千萬不要遺漏句末的介詞或副詞。

Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 這樣的壞習慣應該改掉。

(九)雙重被動結構

雙重被動結構指的是句中謂語動詞和其後的不定式均為被動結構,句子的主語既是謂語動詞的承受者,同時又是不定式動作的承受者。

They asked us to discuss the problem at once.

→We were asked to discuss the problem at once.

→The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 這個問題被要求立刻討論。(雙重被動)

(十)下列句子變成被動語態時,要用with,不用by

Smoke filled the meeting room. 煙充滿了會議室。

→The meeting room was filled with smoke.會議室裡充滿了煙。

A cloth covered the table. 一塊布把桌子罩了起來。

→The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上鋪著一塊布。

(十一)不能變為被動語態的結構

1、受動詞的限制

(1)表示狀態的及物動詞,只能用於主動語態。

某些表示狀態的及物動詞,如have,own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (適合), fit, resemble, fail, last,flee, benefit, hold等作謂語時,不能變為被動句。

She resembles her mother. 她像她媽媽。

(2)當及物動詞have表示“吃飯”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思時,沒有被動語態形式。

Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶嗎?

(3)當動詞get,take表示“懂得”、“知道”,owe表示“欠”,cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思時,動詞沒有相應的被動語態。

I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英鎊。

2、受賓語的限制

(1)當賓語是相互代詞、反身代詞或具有類似相互代詞的關係時,動詞不能用於被動語態形式。

They simply cannot contain themselves for joy.

他們簡直無法抑制內心的喜悅。

(2)當賓語前帶有主語的形容詞性物主代詞時,謂語動詞通常不能轉換為被動語態。

I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他還活著,我簡直不相信自己的眼睛。

【注意】動詞的賓語是身體的一部分,一般不可變為被動語態,但也有例外。

He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注視著這幅油畫。

→His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的兩眼注視著這幅油畫。

(3)當賓語起狀語作用,表示數量、重量、大小或程度時,不能用被動語態。

This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 這種字典價值十美元。

(4)當賓語是同源賓語時,通常不能轉換成被動語態。

He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。

She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一個美夢。

(5)如果賓語是動詞不定式或動詞的-ing形式時,謂語動詞一般不能變換成被動語態。

He admitted having done wrong. 他承認做錯了。

(6)如果enter,leave, reach的賓語是地點、國家機關等,不能改為被動語態。

He left the army in 1998.

他1998年退伍。

(7)另外,不可拆開的短語動詞,如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等,也不能改為被動語態。

The book belongs to me.

這本書是我的。

【必背】一些常見的不能變為被動語態的動賓詞組:

catch a cold感冒

eat one's words食言

lose heart喪失信心

lose patience失去耐心

make a face做鬼臉

make up one's mind決心

make bed鋪床

make room for為……騰出地方

keep watch守望

keep silence保持安靜

speak one's mind 表明見解

take place發生

take one's time從容不迫,彆著急

take office 就職

take one's leave請假

take notes作筆記

take up arms拿起武器

take one's place就位

(8)含有would rather或情態動詞dare的句子,不能改為被動語態。

I would rather do it now. 我寧可現在就幹這件事。

He dare not do it. 他不敢幹那件事。


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