高三一輪語法回顧與訓練---冠詞、名詞、主謂一致
1.冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an）、定冠詞（the）和零冠詞（不用冠詞）。
名詞分為可數名詞和不可數名詞兩大類。
主謂一致是指句子的主語與謂語在人稱、數上取得一致的情況。
2.考點歸納
冠詞
一、不定冠詞（a, an）
1、a用在以輔音音素開頭的單詞前，an用在以元音音素開頭的單詞前。易錯常考點記憶：
a university 一所大學
a uniform 一件制服
a universal truth 一個普遍事實
a unique talent 一種獨特才能
a European country 一個歐洲國家
a useful machine 一種有用的機器
a one-parent family 一個單親家庭
an honest man 一個誠實的男人
an hour and a half 一個半小時
an umbrella 一把傘
2、用於單數可數名詞前，表示“一；每一；某一”等意思。
To get fully prepared for the coming examination, I think what you need now is a right learning method.
The teacher recommended that I should take the medicine three times a day.
3、用於具體化的物質名詞或抽象名詞前，表示“一陣 / 場 / 次 / 種”“具體的人或事”等。
Many people believed that mastering a foreign language is a must in international trade today.
Paying children for chores（家常雜務）with an allowance（津貼）is a total failure when educating them to share the family responsibilities.
4、用於第一次提及的非特指的可數名詞前。
My grandfather, who was the only living child of a hard-working farmer and a devoted mother, grew up in Oklahoma during the early years of Great Depression.
5、用於有形容詞修飾的表示季節、月份、日期、三餐和世界上獨一無二的事物名詞前。
It is said that it will be a very cold winter this year.
I came across an old friend I haven’t seen for many years the other day, so I treated him to an unforgettable dinner. …我招待他一頓難忘的晚餐。
6、用在序數詞前，表示“另一個”或“又一個”的含義。
We all know people who lost a loved one and hoped they would have a second opportunity to say “I love you” or “I forgive you”.
7、“a most + 形容詞”表示“很…”，most在句中不含有比較概念，只用來加強語氣，是“很”“非常”“極”，相當於very。
Lesson 3 is a most difficult lesson, but it isn’t the most difficult lesson in Book Two.
8、用在人名前表示不確定的某個人，也可以指與某人有類似性質的人或事物。
Is there a Mary in your class? She is wanted by the English teacher.
He looks like a Beethoven（貝多芬）when playing the piano.
9、具體動作意義的名詞在與have、take、make等構成短語表示短暫性的動作時，前面常加不定冠詞。如：
have a try; take a look; make a living
10、用於一些固定搭配中。
to have a taste for 愛好; be at a loss 不知所措; as a matter of fact 事實上; all of a sudden 突然; as a rule一般來說; in a word總之，簡言之
二、定冠詞（the）
1、特指上文提及的或讀者清楚的或受形容詞修飾的人或物。
Where is the teacher you talked about yesterday?
There are two rooms in this department, the smaller of which can serve as a study.
2、用於單數可數名詞前表示整個類屬。
The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.
3、與某些形容詞連用表示一類人或物。
It is a noble tradition to take care of the old.
4、用在世界上獨一無二的人和物、自然現象、發明物之前。
Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the telephone.
5、用在序數詞和最高級前。
Mr. Cook said it was the most personal device（設備）Apple had created.
To my delight, I won the first prize in the English speaking contest.
6、用於表示江河、湖泊、海洋、山脈、群島、黨派、組織等專有名詞或由普通名詞構成的專用名詞前。如：
the River Times 泰晤士河; the Lake Superior 蘇必利爾湖; the Pacific Ocean 太平洋; the Andes Mountains 安第斯山脈; the Student Union學生會
7、用於表示方向和方位的名詞前。如：
in the east; to the west; in the front
8、用在西洋樂器前、表示姓氏的複數名詞前及構成“…世紀 / 年代”。如：
play the violin;play the piano;in the 21th century;in the 1940s
9、用在以festival組成的中國傳統節日前。如：
the Spring Festival; the Dragon Boat Festival
10、用於固定搭配中。如：
to tell the truth 說實話; to keep the peace 維持治安; on the rise / decline 在上漲/下降中
三、零冠詞（不加冠詞）
1、不可數名詞、複數名詞、抽象名詞或物質名詞表泛指，不加冠詞。
Courage and determination are what it takes to make great achievements. 勇氣和決心是取得偉大成就所需要的。
2、稱呼語及表示獨一無二的頭銜、職務的名詞作表語、補足語或同位語時，不加冠詞。
Tom is an outstanding student, for which we elected him monitor of our class.
3、月、季、星期、（由day構成的）節假、洲前；三餐、球類、慣用語前；學科、棋類名詞前，不用冠詞。
March 8th is Women’s Day, and June 1st is Children’s day.
I fancy playing basketball while my brother is fond of playing volleyball.
4、表示語言的名詞前不用冠詞。
The reason why we learn English is that we want to spread the Chinese culture all over the world。
5、表示交通工具的名詞與by連用，不指具體的交通工具，而指交通手段時，不用冠詞。
My sister insisted that we should travel along the Mekong River by bike。
6、and, after, by, from等連接的對等名詞前不用冠詞。
day and night; step by step; from door to door
7、兩個名詞同指一個人或物時，後面的名詞前不加冠詞。
The film star and director is on the stage, delivering us an unforgettable speech.
8、as / though 引導的讓步狀語從句中，如果表語的名詞位居句首（倒裝機構），該名詞前不加冠詞。
Child as I was, I know how hard it was for my parents to make a living.
9、no與such連用應放在such之前，such後的名詞不加冠詞。
There is no such thing as free lunch, and you have to try hard to get what you want.
10、在某些固定搭配中，名詞之前常不用冠詞。
in fact; in danger; go to bed; do harm to; make fun of; out of question; lose heart;catch fire;leave school
名詞
一、可數名詞
1、名詞的數
（1）以o結尾的名詞變複數時，常在詞尾加s，但中學英語中有下列名詞要加es，它們是：negro - negroes黑人；hero - heroes英雄；tomato - tomatoes西紅柿；potato - potatoes土豆。
（2）下列名詞變複數時，要把f或fe變為ves，它們是：self - selves自己；life - lives生活、生命；thief - thieves小偷；wife - wives妻子；knife - knives刀；leaf - leaves 葉子；shelf - shelves架子；wolf - wolves狼；half - halves一半。
（3）合成名詞變複數時，通常只將裡面所含的主體名詞變為複數，如果沒有主體名詞，則將最後一部分變為複數。如：passers-by過路人；sons-in-law女婿；story-tellers講故事的人；housewives家庭主婦。
（4）常見單複數同形的名詞：Chinese中國人；Japanese日本人；sheep綿羊；deer鹿；series系列；means方法；works作品；fish魚；fruit水果；crossroads十字路口。其中fish和fruit表示種類時，可加複數詞尾，即fishes，fruits。
（5）抽象名詞具體化
difficulty - a difficulty 一件難事
surprise - a surprise 一件令人震驚的事
failure - a failure 一位失敗者；一件失敗的事
success - a success 一位成功者；一件成功的事
2、名詞所有格
（1）單數名詞在末尾加“’s”，複數名詞在末尾加“’”, 不規則複數名詞在末尾加“’s”。如：his house’s roof, students’ books, children’s wonderland等。
（2）表示各自的所屬關係時，各名詞末尾均加所有格後綴；表示共有關係的在最後一個名詞加所有格後綴。如：
Tom’ s father and Mary’s father 湯姆的父親和瑪麗的父親
Tom and Mary’s father 湯姆和瑪麗的父親
（3） 表示無生命的東西所有格一般由of構成。如：the cover of the book, the surface of the lake等。
二、不可數名詞
不可數名詞主要分為物質名詞和抽象名詞。
1、物質名詞是指表示無法分為個體的實物的詞，常見的物質名詞有：snow, rain, water, coffee, tea, meat, milk, rice, bread, orange（桔汁）等。
2、抽象名詞是指表示動作、狀態、品質、感情等抽象概念的詞，常見的抽象名詞有：work; study; love; friendship等。
3、常見易錯的不可數名詞：advice, energy, equipment, fun, furniture, health, homework, information、knowledge, luck, luggage, money, music, news, pride, progress, traffic, weather等。
主謂一致
1、定語從句中，當關系詞在從句中作主語時，要注意主謂一致。
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.
This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.
2. 強調句型中，當被強調部分是主語時，that後面的謂語與被強調的主語一致。
I think that it is I rather than my sister that/who am to blame for what has happened.
3. -ing形式 / to do作主語時，謂語用單數；從句作主語時，主句謂語用單數。
Understanding these universal signals is the key to cross-culture communication.
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in the world.
Whether the scheme will be carried out hasn’t been decided yet.
4. 就遠原則：由（1）with/ along with / together with（2）as well as（3）rather than（4）but / except / in addition to / besides / including 等介詞、介詞短語連接兩個名詞作主語時，謂語動詞與這些介詞前面的名詞保持一致。
It is the father, rather than the children, that/who is to blame for what has happened.
Email, as well as phone calls, is playing an important part in our daily communication.
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to attach importance to working online at home.
5. 就近原則：當主語由 “either…or B…”, “neither…nor…”, “not only…but also…”, “not… but…”連接時，謂語動詞與就近的那個主語保持一致；there be句型中be動詞後接多個主語時， be動詞也遵循就近原則。
Neither you nor I was to blame for the accident that occurred the other day.
There are some books, a pen and a radio on the desk.
6. “large quantities of + 可數 / 不可數名詞”“large amounts of + 不可數名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用複數。
Large quantities of food / books are on the table.
7.“many a或more than one + 單數名詞”作主語時，意思是“許多”，但謂語動詞要用單數；“no A and no B” “each A and each B” “every A and every B”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。
More than one answer is written on the blackboard.
No teacher and no student is absent from the evening party.
強化訓練
一、填空：在空白處填入適當的內容（1個單詞）或括號內單詞的正確形式。
1. Providing good, positive and consistent social interactions is as big ________ part of development as providing food and water.
2. Jane’ grandmother had wanted to write ________ children’s book for years, but one thing or another always got in ________ way.
3. The team-up center will offer ________ opportunity to young singers to show their talents in front of ________ audience of 5,000.
4. ________ CT is really _________ useful invention, with which doctors can find out what’s wrong with a patient more easily.
5. ________ more learned a man is, ________ more modest he usually becomes.
6. If you want to improve your working efficiency, it will be ________ must for you to make ________ most of your time..
7. Yesterday, when I was working out at a gym on my lunch hour, I saw ________ elderly lady there riding on a bike.
8. One of the most effective ________ (approach) to reducing ________ (press) is to talk about feeling with someone you trust.
9. It was ________ (curious) that drove the little prince into the beautiful garden.
10. Never before in modern ________ (time) have workers had so much autonomy over their work days.
11. Barbara has always been encouraged to swim to build up the ________ (strong) of her muscles.
12. This river opens up suddenly and is about two hundred metres in ________ (wide).
13. Jack appears exhausted. He along with his twin brothers ________ (paint) the house, and he must finish the work tomorrow.
14. It is reported that many a new house ________ at present in the disaster area. (build)
15. Our government can never care too much milk safety and quality, because large amounts of milk ________ every year in China. (consume)
二、改錯：每句錯誤最多有兩處。錯誤涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除和修改。
1. Mom was busy helping my grandmother make moon cake, and the rest of us needed to make a lunch.
2. Dad told my little brother that cook is a important life skill, which everyone should learn.
3. There are three stage in study - preview, study and review, among which review is most important.
4. Styles in Western art changed many times over the years.
5. As result, many people worry that they will take place of human brains.
6. Modern teaching equipments as well as hundreds of computers were sent to the school yesterday.
7. These art works, that are not all displayed at a time, appeals to those who love Impressionist.
8. Seated on the ground is a couple of young journalists, exchanging idea about the current affairs.
9. Yesterday we had dinner at Mr. White, where we enjoyed myself very much.
10. Not only the students but also the teacher were deeply affected by the moving story.
參考答案：
一、填空
1. a 2. a; the 3. an; an 4. The; a 5. The; the 6. a; the 7. an 8. approaches; pressure 9. curiosity 10. times 11. strength 12. width 13. has been painting 14. is being built 15. are consumed
二、改錯
1. cake - cakes；刪掉a
2. cook - cooking；a - an
3. stage - stages；most前加the
4. changed前加have
5. result後加a；place前加the
6. equipments - equipment; were - was
7. that - which; appeals - appeal
8. is - are; idea - ideas
9. Mr. White - Mr. White’s; myself - ourselves
10. were - was
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