今天整理了一下先前看的中文教材二語術語，為明天看外文專著做準備......
1.variant /ˈveriənt/
vocabulary.com：A variant is another version of something.
Words often have variants, spellings that vary from region to region or country to country.
詞源："tending to change," from Old French variant and directly from Latin variantem (nominative varians), present participle of variare "to change" (see vary).
Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary:
a thing that is a slightly different form or type of sth else
2.complementizer /ˈkɑːmplɪməntaɪzər/
Oxfordlearners: a word or part of a word that shows a clause is being used as a complement
dictionary.com: an element or elements marking a complement clause, as that in We thought that you forgot,
3.declarative /dɪˌkler.ə.tɪv/
vocabulary.com：
A declarative sentence states a fact. This word can be used to describe any action or speech that makes a statement. Declarative sentences are the opposite of questions.
dictionary.com: serving to declare, make known, or explain
4.recast /ˌriːˈkæst/
vocabulary.com：When teachers get blank stares from students, they recast their questions to make them less confusing.
"Let's start over." That's what someone might say when he or she needs to recast something, meaning "to make major changes that make something seem very different or even brand new."
When you recast a metal item, like a piece of jewelry, the item is melted down completely and then remade in a new form.
Collinsdictionary: To recast an actor's role means to give the role to another actor.
5.equipotentiality /ˌiːkwɪpəˈtɛnʃəl/
6.mediation /ˌmiː.diˈeɪ.ʃən/
dictionary.cambridge: the process of talking to two separate people or groups involved in a disagreement to try to help them to agree or find a solution to their problems.
7.demotivation /ˌdiːməʊtɪˈveɪʃn/
collinsdictionary.com:
the condition of being without motivation, Low pay can lead to demotivation.
the act of demotivating
詞源etymonline.com: "cause to lose motivation; deprive of incentive to continue," by 1974; see de- + motivate. Related: Demotivated; demotivating; demotivation.
8.contrastive /kənˈtræstɪv/
vocabulary.com：The adjective contrastive means "showing the difference between two things when you compare them" — like a contrastive analysis of American and British English.
Oxfordlearners: showing the differences between things, especially between languages
9.nurture /ˈnɜːrtʃər/
vocabulary.com：Use the phrase "nature versus nurture" to help you remember the word. Nature is a baby just out of the womb. Nurture is how that baby is raised or taken care of. Once the child is older, you may wonder if its love of reading is nature or nurture — is it natural born or is it because you read to the baby every night.
If you plant a seed, water it daily and give it lots of light, you nurture it until it is ready to be transplanted outside. When you nurture a person or thing, you care for it and help it to grow.
After a fight with your friend, you may have to nurture the relationship a little until you're close again.
10.paraphrase /ˈper.ə.freɪz/
dictionary.cambridge: to repeat something written or spoken using different words, often in a humorous form or in a simpler and shorter form that makes the original meaning clearer
11.calque /kælk/
vocabulary.com: A calque is a word-for-word translation from one language to another. When you take a phrase in French, for example, and translate each word literally into English, that's a calque.
12.deviation /ˌdiː.viˈeɪ.ʃən/
vocabulary.com: Anything that varies from the accepted norm or standard is called a deviation. It is common in math and science, but it can refer to anything that differs from the expected.
13.priming /ˈpraɪmɪŋ/
詞源etymonline: "first coat of paint," c. 1600, verbal noun from prime (v.). Meaning "gunpowder in the pan of a firearm" is from 1590s.
14.foreground /ˈfɔːrɡraʊnd/
Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary:
Noun, the part of a view/picture,etc.that is nearest to you when you look at it.景物/圖畫的前景,The figure in the foreground is the artist’s mother; an important position that is noticed by people.矚目地位.
Verb, to give particular importance to sth強調，突出, the play foregrounds the relationship between father and daughter.
詞源：1690s, "part of a landscape nearest the observer," from fore- + ground (n.). First used in English by Dryden ("Art of Painting"); compare Dutch voorgrond. Figurative use by 1816.
15.proactive /ˌprəʊˈæktɪv/
詞源etymonline.com：also pro-active, of persons or policies, as an opposition to reactive, 1921, from pro- + active. From 1933, in psychology (learning theory).
Oxfordlearners：(of a person or policy) controlling a situation by making things happen rather than waiting for things to happen and then reacting to them
16.inhibition /ˌɪnɪˈbɪʃn/
Oxfordlearners：Noun. a shy or nervous feeling that stops you from expressing your real thoughts or feelings
17.reinforcement /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːrsmənt/
(n.)c. 1600, "act of reinforcing," from reinforce + -ment. Meaning "an augmentation, that which reinforces" is from 1650s.
18.affect /əˈfekt/
"to make a mental impression on," 1630s; earlier "to attack" (c. 1600), "act upon, infect" (early 15c.), from affect (n.) or from Latin affectus "disposition, mood, state of mind or body produced by some external influence." Related: Affected; affecting. "The two verbs, with their derivatives, run into each other, and cannot be completely separated"
19.representation /ˌreprɪzenˈteɪʃn/
Noun.Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary:
The act of presenting sb/sth in a particular way, sth that shows or describes sth,表現，描述，表現形式，the negative representation of single mother in the media; the fact of having representatives who will speak or vote for you or on your behalf有代理人，代表，維護支持，the accused was not allowed legal representation; [pl] formal statements made to sb in authority, especially in order to make your opinions known or to protest陳述，抗議，we have made representations to the prime minister, but without success.
20.maturity /məˈtʃʊrəti/, /məˈtʊrəti/
vocabulary.com: When something reaches its full level of development, it has achieved maturity. Some people might be physically mature, but don't yet exhibit signs of emotional maturity — such as a willingness to accept responsibility, or maintain poise in serious situations — for a long time afterward.
21. fossilization /ˌfɑːsələˈzeɪʃn/
Collinsdictionary: If you say that ideas, attitudes, or ways of behaving have fossilized or have been fossilized, you are criticizing the fact that they are fixed and unlikely to change, in spite of changing situations or circumstances;
If the remains of an animal or plant fossilize or are fossilized, they become hard and form fossils, instead of decaying completely.
22.paradigm /ˈpærədaɪm/
"an example, a model," from Late Latin paradigma "pattern, example," especially in grammar,
23.differentiation /ˌdɪfəˌrenʃiˈeɪʃn/
Differentiation is how someone or something is set apart from others. If you make a differentiation between one brand of toothpaste and another, you point out how they're distinct.
The -tion ending tips you off that differentiation is the noun form of different
24.modality /məʊˈdæləti/
A sensory modality is a way of sensing, like vision or hearing. Modality in someone's voice gives a sense of the person's mood.
A modality is the way or mode in which something exists or is done. You might often see it used with reference to diagnostic modality, which is the way in which a disease or illness is diagnosed by a doctor.Modality shares its root with the word mode, meaning "the way in which something happens or is experienced."
25.sensory /ˈsensəri/
Sensory comes from the Latin word sentire, meaning "to perceive, feel." The adjective sensory describes something relating to sensation — something that you feel with your physical senses.
26.perceptual /pərˈseptʃuəl/
The adjective perceptual is all about perceiving, or sensing things. It's your perceptual ability that allows you to make sense of the world around you by seeing and hearing. In science, the various sensory systems (such as visual and auditory abilities) are known as perceptual systems. The Latin root is percipere, which means "gather or seize" and also "grasp with the mind."
27. idiosyncratic /ˌɪd.i.ə.sɪŋˈkræt.ɪk/
One thing that Einstein definitely wasn't was an idiot. Yet idiosyncratic and idiot are related. Idio is ancient Greek for "one's own." An idiosyncratic person is someone who does things in his own way. And the original meaning of idiot was basically "a regular Joe" — an ordinary person who keeps to himself.
28.paradox /ˈpærədɑːks/
Here's a mind-bender: "This statement is false." If you think it's true, then it must be false, but if you think it's false, it must be true. Now that's a paradox!
29.retroactive /ˌretrəʊˈæktɪv/
The Latin word retroagere, an ancestor of the adjective retroactive, means "drive or turn back," and goes along with the meaning of the word.
The adjective retroactive refers to something happening now that affects the past. For example, a retroactive tax is one that is passed at one time, but payable back to a time before the tax was passed.
30.permeable /ˈpɜːrmiəbl/
A permeable surface allows materials like liquids to pass through — either in or out.
A permeable shirt is good to wear in the summer, because it helps release the sweat sticking to the skin.
31.ethnic /ˈeθnɪk/
The word ethnic comes from the Greek ethnos, "nation," "people." Groups of people from specific areas who share the same or similar customs are ethnic groups. There are ethnic restaurants, shops, and neighborhoods around the world, including Indian buffets, Italian shoe makers, and Greek Towns and China Towns.
32.introversion /ˌɪntrəˈvɜːrʒn/
the quality of being quiet and more interested in your own thoughts and feelings than in spending time with other people
33.intrinsic /ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk/
Anything intrinsic comes from within. Doing a job for only money is not intrinsic. Doing a job because you love it is intrinsic; the motivation comes from within.
The opposite of intrinsic is extrinsic, for things that come from the outside instead of from the inside.
34.prompt /prɑːmpt/
If a director prompts an actor who's forgotten his lines, she reminds him what comes next.
The adjective prompt can mean "as scheduled," or simply "quick." When you prompt someone, you motivate them in some way: you might offer a reminder, assistance, or even inspiration to do something.
35.thematic /θiːˈmætɪk/
connected with the theme or themes of something
36.hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.rɑːr.ki/
a system, especially in a society or an organization, in which people are organized into different levels of importance from highest to lowest
37.projection /prəˈdʒek.ʃən/
The Jets and projection actually have a common linguistic ancestor. Both the ject in projection and the word jet come from the Latin root jactus, which means "throw." A jet plane throws itself — or projects itself — away from a central structure (the Earth) and into the air.
38.extroversion /ek.strəˈvɝː.ʒən/
the quality of being energetic and not shy, and enjoying being with other people
39.deceptive /dɪˈseptɪv/
If someone tells you that “appearances can be deceptive,” they mean you should look closely at your surroundings because the truth might not be obvious. You might see a connection between the verb to deceive and the adjective deceptive, so you are on to something. If you deceive someone, you are being deceptive. Is it ok to be deceptive when you're planning a surprise party?
40.cognate /ˈkɑːɡneɪt/ adj/noun.
Cognate languages and words have the same origin, or are related and in some way similar: Just as words that are cognates have a shared origin — like gratitude and gratitud both coming from the Latin word gratitudo, meaning "thankfulness"
people can be cognates based on their shared blood. For example, you and your sister are cognates of your parents. You probably even look alike, just like word cognates. The adjective form of cognate can describe blood relations or anyone whose ancestors spoke the same language.
41.Acculturation /əˌkʌl.tʃəˈreɪ.ʃən/
the process of changing so that you become more like people from a different culture. It means adopting the ways of a culture that isn't yours.
Acculturation is related to the word culture. Duh. Culture comes from a Latin word meaning, basically, farming. Now it refers to basically anything that people create and teach each other — singing, dancing, TV. Obviously people in different parts of the world have different cultures, and when they come together, the result is often acculturation. Picture a French guy drinking Coke and wearing a baseball cap and you get the idea.
42.cue /kjuː/ noun
a word or action in a play or film that is used as a signal by a performer to begin saying or doing something
43.novelty /ˈnɑː.vəl.ti/ noun.
Novelty is a newness or refreshing quality. Many college freshmen enjoy the novelty of living on their own — until it comes time to do that first load of laundry.You'll often hear people talk about the novelty of a new experience — imagine the excitement and anticipation of cracking open a novel you’ve never read before to help remember the word.
But novelty is also a term for a small toy or trinket, usually mass-produced. Novelty shops sell all kinds of funny knickknacks, from personalized flashlight key chains to stuffed singing hamsters.
44.coinage /ˈkɔɪ.nɪdʒ/ noun.
Another way to use coinage is for the process of inventing (or coining) a new word. Shakespeare is famous for a lot of literary achievements, including his coinage of words like "lackluster," "bandit," and "bedazzled."
Coinage refers to metal money, or coins. A numismatist — that's the technical term for a coin collector — is interested in coinage.You probably wouldn't refer to the dimes jingling in your pocket as coinage, since this term tends to be used for coins in a more collective way, as in the coinage of foreign countries.
45.morphological /ˌmɔːr.fəˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl/
connected with the forms of words
connected with the form and structure of animals and plants
46.narrative /ˈnærətɪv/ noun
A narrative is a story that you write or tell to someone, usually in great detail. A narrative can be a work of poetry or prose, or even song, theater, or dance.
Often a narrative is meant to include the "whole story." A summary will give a few key details and then the narrative will delve into the details. "I hate to interrupt your narrative," is a polite way of stopping someone in the middle of a story. The origin of this noun is the Latin adjective narrativus, from narrare "to tell," from gnarus "knowing." It is related to our English verb know.
47.illocutionary /ˌɪl.əˈkjuː.ʃən.er.i/
(of an action) performed by speaking or writing, for example ordering, warning or promising
48.facilitation /fəˌsɪl.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/
the process of making something possible or easier:
49.parataxis /ˌpærəˈtæksɪs/
the placing of clauses and phrases one after the other, without words to link them or show their relationship
50.tacit /ˈtæs.ɪt/ adj.
The adjective tacit refers to information that is understood without needing to acknowledge it. For example, since we know that the sky is blue, that kind of assumption is tacit. Lawyers talk about "tacit agreements," where parties give their silent consent and raise no objections.
51.intuition /ˌɪn.tuːˈɪʃ.ən/
The definition of the word comes from the Latin roots in- meaning "at" or "on" and tueri meaning "look at, watch over." A relative of intuition is tuition, and even though we don't use this particular meaning anymore, it used to refer to having guardianship or custody. If we use our intuition it means that we don't always make the correct interpretation, and in fact, the Australian writer Christina Stead wrote, "Intuition is not infallible; it only seems to be the truth."
52.interlingual /ˌɪntərˈlɪŋɡwəl/
using, between, or relating to two different languages
53.attrition /əˈtrɪʃ.ən/
When a company wants to reduce its payroll without firing anyone, it will sometimes do so through attrition; that is, by waiting for people to retire or quit without hiring anyone new to replace them. In a more general sense, the word means break down, wear out, or reduce in numbers. When you see the word attrition, think "Gradually chipping away."
54.aboriginal /ˌæb.əˈrɪdʒ.ən.əl/
The adjective form of aboriginal is used to describe anything related to the people native to an area. You may visit a museum that has an exhibit of aboriginal art; or, if you're a linguist, you may study aboriginal languages.
The adjective can also be used to describe something that is indigenous to a place and existed there from the beginning, such as "an aboriginal forest" that consists of old, old trees.
55.scaffolding /ˈskæf.əl.dɪŋ/
a structure of metal poles and wooden boards put against a building for workers to stand on when they want to reach the higher parts of the building:
56.rheme /riːm/
the part of a sentence or clause that adds new information to what the reader or audience already knows
57.Autonomous /ɑːˈtɑː.nə.məs/
Autonomous describes things that function separately or independently. Once you move out of your parents' house and get your own job, you will be an autonomous member of the family.
This adjective autonomous is often used of countries, regions, or groups that have the right to govern themselves: Vatican City, where the Catholic pope lives, is an autonomous territory located within the city limits of Rome.
The corresponding noun is autonomy, referring to the state of existing or functioning independently.
Autonomous comes from the Greek roots autos, "self," and nomos, "law."
58.induction /ɪnˈdʌkʃn/ noun
a method of discovering general rules and principles from particular facts and examples
(into something) the process of introducing somebody to a new job, skill, organization, etc.; a ceremony at which this takes place
the act of making a pregnant woman start to give birth, using artificial means such as a special drug
59.proximal /ˈprɑːk.sə.məl/
near to the centre of the body or to the point of attachment of a bone or muscle
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這幾個單詞網站合起來使用棒極了！
分別：最易懂、最全、備用、詞源。
https://www.vocabulary.com/
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
https://www.etymonline.com/
