我最喜歡黑寡婦，你呢？
文 | 艾迪博士
圖 | 毛巾先生
校對 | 毛巾先生
作為漫威忠實粉，他們的英語名字你都叫得出來嗎？
Black Panther / 黑豹；Black Widow / 黑寡婦； Captain America / 美國隊長； Deadpool / 死侍；Hawkeye / 鷹眼； Hulk / 綠巨人； Iron Man / 鋼鐵俠；Scarlet Witch / 緋紅女巫；Spider-man / 蜘蛛俠；Thor / 雷神； Wolverine / 金剛狼
簡單粗暴，電影看完學習還是要堅持的，博士的大腿趕緊抱穩了。
今天的閱讀是綜述類文章，這類文章因為知識面廣，所以生詞特別多，但文章易懂，是學習英語單詞的好辦法。
- Instead, it appears that alcohol and its metabolic by-products predispose the pancreas to damage from agents that normally do not cause pancreatitis, or to more severe disease from agents that normally cause mild pancreatic damage.
相反，似乎酒精和它的代謝副產物使得胰腺更容易受到藥物的損害，這些藥物正常是不會引起炎症的，或者輕微的損傷。
metabolic adj 代謝的
by-products n 副產物
predispose v 使……受影響
agent n 結合語境，指的是藥物
- Over the last 10 to 20 years, a tremendous amount of work has defined a number of alcohol-mediated biochemical changes in pancreatic cells.
- Among these changes are: Sustained levels of intracellular calcium, activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impairment in autophagy, alteration in the activity of transcriptional activators, and colocalization of lysosomal and pancreatic digestive enzymes.
這些變化包括了持續水平量的胞內鈣離子，激活了線粒體滲透性轉換小孔，內質網壓力增加，自我吞噬損害，改變了轉錄催化劑的活性，和溶酶體的共域化，以及腺體的消化酶原。
define v 明確
alcohol-mediated adj 酒精介導的
permeability n 滲透性
mitochondria n 線粒體
endoplasmic reticulum n 內質網
autophagy n 自噬
activator n 激活劑 催化劑
- Elucidation of these changes has led to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which ethanol predisposes acinar cells to damage.
這些變化的闡明，帶來加深對酒精促使腺泡細胞損傷機制的理解。
elucidation n 闡明，解釋
ethanol n 乙醇
- This greater understanding has revealed a number of promising targets for therapeutic intervention. It is hoped that further investigation of these targets will lead to the development of pharmacotherapy that is effective in treating and preventing the progression of acute pancreatitis
有望這些目標的進一步研究帶來藥物治療和預防炎症的發展，
therapy n
therapeutic adj 治療的
同學們請集中注意力
- The endocrine component of the pancreas is composed of the Islets of Langerhans, and comprises a relatively small portion of the pancreas, only about 1%-2% of the organ.
- The endocrine pancreas is responsible for the production of glucagon and insulin, hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis.
胰腺的內分泌成分由胰島細胞組成，僅佔1%-2%相對很小的部分。內分泌組織負責產生胰島素以及胰高血糖素，這些激素調節血糖的穩態。
glucagon n 胰高血糖素
glucose n 葡萄糖
- The acinar cells produce digestive enzymes that are synthesized as inactive zymogens and are secreted through ducts to the duodenum where they are activated.
腺泡細胞產生消化酶, 這些酶系被合成為不活躍的酶原, 並通過導管分泌到十二指腸被激活。
duodenum n 十二指腸
The ductal cells produce and secrete large quantities of bicarbonate (HCO3 -) and form a network that serves as a conduit for the delivery of the digestive enzymes into the duodenum. The pancreatic stellate cells synthesize and degrade extracellular matrix proteins.
導管細胞產生和分泌大量的碳酸氫鹽 (HCO3-), 並形成一個導管網絡, 將消化酶輸送到十二指腸。胰腺星狀細胞合成並降解細胞外基質蛋白。
secrete v 分泌
matrix proteins n 基質蛋白
啊，
- Although the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis is not entirely known, it appears that the disease originates in injured acinar cells.
雖然急性胰腺炎的發病機制尚不完全清楚, 但看來這種疾病源於受傷的腺細胞。
originate in V 起源於
- Although inappropriate activation of trypsinogen is important in causing pancreatic injury early in the disease, the induction and progression of local and systemic inflammation associated with acute pancreatitis does not require trypsinogen activation.
- In fact, it has been demonstrated that intra-acinar cell activation of the transcriptional activator nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) occurs simultaneous to, but independent of, trypsinogen activation.
雖然不適當的激活胰蛋白酶原是重要的導致胰腺損傷在疾病的早期, 誘導和進展局部和全身炎症與急性胰腺炎相關不需要胰蛋白酶原 的激活。事實上, 已經證明, 由酸性激活劑核因子-b (nf-b) 的吸積內細胞激活與胰蛋白酶原活化同時發生, 但不依賴與於胰蛋白酶原的激活。
trypsinogen n 胰蛋白酶原
單詞太多怎麼辦
背單詞這種事，背完發現忘了是非常正常的，單詞的記憶過程本就是一個重複的過程。
每天刷單詞量要多，每個單詞停留個3-5秒即可，詞彙量少,背的方法死記硬背，聯想法啥的都可以，後面等你詞彙量多了（8000左右），推薦你用詞根詞綴法記憶。
刷單詞的方向可以根據自己的需求來，比如備考四六級詞彙等等，花一段時間就可以去收割成就感。
（運營人 搖擺浴巾）
