1a. Diversity of Native American Groups
1a.美洲土著群体的多样性
The structures Native Americans called home were extremely varied and often exclusive to tribe or region. These "apartment" style dwellings were the work of Natives of the Southwest.
土著美国人称之为家的结构千差万别，通常只属于部落或地区。这些“公寓式”住宅是西南部原住民的作品。
Since 1492, European explorers and settlers have tended to ignore the vast diversity of the people who had previously lived here. It soon became common to lump all such groups under the term "Indian." In the modern American world, we still do. There are certain experiences common to the survivors of these tribes. They all have had their lands compromised in some way and suffered the horrors of reservation life.
自1492年以来，欧洲的探险家和定居者往往忽视了以前居住在这里的人们的巨大多样性。很快，把所有这些群体都归入“印第安人”这个词就变得很普遍了。在现代美国世界，我们仍然这样做。这些部落的幸存者有一些共同的经历。他们的土地在某种程度上遭到了破坏，并遭受了保护区生活的恐怖。
Language Lessons
语言课
The Natchez chief, known as "Great Sun," was a powerful Indian leader. Unlike some Indian leaders, "Great Sun" ruled as an absolute monarch.
纳切斯酋长，被称为“伟大的太阳”，是一位强大的印度领导人。不像一些印度领导人，“伟大的太阳”作为一个绝对的君主统治。
Stereotyping Indians in this way denies the vast cultural differences between tribes. First, there is the issue of language. The Navajo people of the Southwest and the Cherokees of the Southeast have totally unrelated languages.
以这种方式刻板的印第安人否认了部落之间巨大的文化差异。首先是语言问题。西南部的纳瓦霍人和东南部的切罗基人有完全不相关的语言。
There were over 200 North American tribes speaking over 200 different languages. The United States used the uniqueness of the Navajo language to its advantage in World War II. Rather than encrypting radio messages, it proved simpler to use Navajos to speak to each other in their everyday language to convey high-security messages. It worked.
有200多个北美部落讲200多种语言。美国利用纳瓦霍语的独特性在第二次世界大战中发挥了优势。事实证明，使用纳瓦霍人用他们的日常语言互相交谈来传递高安全性信息比加密无线电信息要简单得多。它奏效了。
Navajo Code Talkers
纳瓦霍语者
Between 1942 and 1945, about 400 Navajos served as code talkers for the U.S. Marines. They could encode, transmit, and decode a message in a fraction of the time it took a machine to do the same. And unlike with machine codes, the Japanese were never able to break the Navajo code.
1942年至1945年期间，约有400名纳瓦霍人担任美国海军陆战队的密码员。他们可以在机器完成相同工作所需时间的一小部分内对消息进行编码、传输和解码。与机器代码不同的是，日本人永远无法破解纳瓦霍代码。
"In the beginning, this place was only darkness and water until the time when a woman fell from the sky world." Thus starts the Oneida creation story. Every Native American tribe has their own history, culture, and art.
“一开始，这个地方只有黑暗和水，直到一个女人从天空中坠落。”由此开始了奥尼达的创作故事。每个美洲土著部落都有自己的历史、文化和艺术。
Different Strokes for Different Folks
不同的人用不同的笔画
Lifestyles varied greatly. Most tribes were domestic, but the LAKOTAfollowed the buffalo as nomads. Most engaged in war, but the Apache were particularly feared, while the Hopis were pacifistic. Most societies were ruled by men, but the Iroquois women chose the leaders.
生活方式千差万别。大多数部落都是家庭成员，但拉科塔人跟随水牛作为游牧民族。大多数人参与战争，但阿帕奇人尤其害怕，而霍皮人是和平主义者。大多数社会是由男人统治的，但是易洛魁人的女人选择了领导者。
Native Americans lived in WIGWAMS,HOGANS, IGLOOS, TEPEES, and longhouses. Some relied chiefly on hunting and fishing, while others DOMESTICATED crops. The Algonkian chiefs tried to achieve consensus, but the Natchez "Sun" was an absolute monarch. The TOTEM POLE was not a universal Indian symbol. It was used by tribes such as the Chinook in the Pacific Northwest to ward off evil spirits and represent family history.
土著美国人住在棚屋、霍根、冰屋、铁板房和长屋。有些主要依靠打猎和捕鱼，而另一些则依靠驯养农作物。阿尔冈人的首领们试图达成共识，但纳切斯的“太阳”是一个绝对的君主。图腾柱不是一个普遍的印度符号。它曾被太平洋西北部的奇努克部落用来驱邪和代表家族历史。
It is important that students of history explore tribal nuances. Within every continent, there is tremendous diversity. The tribal differences that caused the Apache and Navajo peoples to fight each other are not so different from the reasons Germans fought the French. Recognizing tribal diversity is an important step in understanding the history of America.
重要的是，历史的学生探索部落的细微差别。在每一个大陆，都有巨大的多样性。导致阿帕奇人和纳瓦霍人互相争斗的部落差异与德国人与法国人争斗的原因没有太大的不同。认识到部落的多样性是了解美国历史的重要一步。
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