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Airbrushing a camouflage
噴塗迷彩
不瞞你們說，噴塗迷彩一直不是我的強項。。。
在做這類模型時，尤其是二戰戰場上的那些模型，我有時甚至會感到緊張。通過觀察和參考老照片中的場景，可以避免把這類模型做的很僵硬。在這裡面我呈現給大家一些方法，幫助我們做出更加自然的迷彩偽裝。
Airbrushing camouflages has never been a strength of mine.
I sometimes feel a bit nervous whenapplying these types of patterns especially those applied in the field duringWorld War Two. Being tense and a bit stiff can detract from the natural lookoften observed in photos. Here I will demonstrate a few methods that I havedeveloped to help me obtain a more natural-looking field-appliedcamouflage.
如我前面所說，您需要熟悉您的噴筆和所使用的油漆塗料。用雙動噴筆來做。在我噴塗迷彩的時候，很喜歡用稀釋後的田宮水漆，另外Lifecolor水漆我用著也很稱手，毒性也比較小。不同品牌的油漆有自己的特點，您需要找到一款你覺得最舒服的油漆。當然要始終注意的就是老生常談的氣壓和稀釋比例！
As I said earlier you should be familiarwith your airbrush and the paints you are working with. A double actionairbrush should be used for these tasks. Tamiya paints diluted with lacquerthinner have always worked well for me when airbrushing a camouflage. Lifecolordiluted with their thinner is another and less toxic mix that I have hadsuccess with. Remember that different brands of paint have their owncharacteristics and you should find one that you are comfortable with. Alsokeep in mind the air pressure and paint-to-thinner ratio.
接下來我們要在這輛T-34上用田宮水漆噴塗迷彩。這裡我用的比例是：漆4：稀釋劑6。氣泵氣壓為18-20PSI。請記住，根據您的設備不同，這兩個參數可能會發生變化。（不用拘泥比例數字，僅做參考）
The camouflage we will apply to this T-34will be done using Tamiya paints diluted with lacquer thinner. The mix usedhere was about 40% paint and 60% thinner. My air compressor was set at 18 to 20PSI. Remember that this paint to thinner ratio and compressor settings couldvary a bit depending on the equipment you are using.
△ Photo1-2 圖片1-2
別忘了開始前在紙上練習一下。OK，練習好了之後，我開始在模型上噴塗了迷彩圖案的輪廓。如圖所示，噴嘴要儘量靠近模型，保證線條邊緣更緊密。在操作噴筆時，只要輕輕拉動扳機，小出氣量即可。保持噴筆運行，別停留。如果噴完發現對圖案不滿意怎麼辦？沒關係，可以用底色把不需要的部分遮蓋掉，重新再來一次。
After practicing on a piece of paper Iairbrushed an outline of the pattern over the model. The nozzle should be closethe subject as seen in the photos in order to keep the edges of the linestighter. You only want to gently pull back on the trigger of your double actionairbrush spraying a very light stream while always keeping the brush in motion.If you find that you are unhappy with the pattern of the outline you can simplycover the unwanted parts with the base colour and then reapply them.
△ Photo 3-6 圖片3-6
一旦迷彩圖案滿意了，我就用噴筆慢慢的將這些輪廓填滿。這樣迷彩的效果就初步出來了。完成之後，我還會噴塗透明保護漆，一方面保護漆面，更重要的是讓底色和迷彩色部分的漆面保持統一。這個例子裡我噴了田宮X-22透明清漆，這對後續的漬洗非常有幫助。
Once content with the pattern I carefullyfill it in. After the camouflage I usually apply the markings then airbrush afew good coats of varnish over the model. The varnish will help to ensure thatthe tones used for the basecoat and those of the camouflage contain the sametype of finish. In this case I added a satin finish that would be better forthe anticipated washes in the upcoming steps.
△ Photo 7 圖片7
正如我剛才提到的。噴塗迷彩時，我們其實可以在底色和迷彩色之間隨心切換，以達到您想表達或者滿意的效果。這個圖片中通過在底色上噴塗綠色線條來作為這輛17cm加農炮上的線性迷彩圖案。噴完綠色後其實可以再用回沙黃色來填補不滿意的圖案區域，把多餘的綠色塗掉。
As I mentioned, switching back and forthbetween colors when airbrushing a camouflage will allow you to tweak unwantedareas obtaining better results. The tight linear camouflage pattern on the 17cmcannon of this Geschuzwagen Tiger was obtained by applying the green camouflageover the basecoat. I went back over the areas of the pattern which I wasunhappy with using the sand yellow basecoat.
△ Photo 8 圖片8
在底色和偽裝色之間來回切換用以修復和完善並不是唯一的方法。比如在這個已經經過色調調節的四號坦克上噴塗迷彩就需要格外的小心。因為它的底色可是相當的複雜，想用底色覆蓋的方式來調整迷彩變得困難很多。本書的後面我們將會介紹在CM技法塗裝的底色上噴迷彩。
Switching back and forth between the colorsof the basecoat and the tones of a camouflage in order to fix mistakes is notalways an option. Much care had to be taken when applying the camouflage overthis Panzer IV featuring Colour Modulation. The gradients in the basecoat wouldhave made covering the unwanted areas of the camouflage very difficult reducingthe natural shifting of the tones. We will cover applying camouflages overColour Modulation later in this book.
好了，又到了總結時間。在噴塗時，特別噴迷彩的時候，油漆的稀釋和氣泵的氣壓起著至關重要的作用。所以一定要在舊模型或者紙張上練習一下圖案，確保萬無一失。根據對象不同，您可以選擇在底色和迷彩色之間來回切換，以獲得最佳效果。好了，塗好底色和迷彩之後。今天的噴塗工作告一段落，我們要把噴筆清理乾淨了。如果你熟悉你的噴筆，這個應該不太困難，接下來我們就來談談清洗噴筆吧。
How much you dilute your paint and what yourcompressor is set to plays an important role when airbrushing especially duringspraying a camouflage. Practice your pattern first on an old model or piece ofpaper to make sure that everything is mixed and adjusted properly. Depending onthe subject you may have the option of switching back and forth between thebasecoat and the colour of the camouflage in order to obtain optimal results.After applying the basecoat and the camouflage you should clean the airbrushprior to putting it away. If you are familiar with your airbrush this shouldnot be too difficult as I will show you next.
CLEANING THE AIRBRUSH
清洗噴筆
噴塗完底色和迷彩之後，你恐怕會成就感滿滿。
現在重要的是要花一點時間來徹底清潔噴筆了。拉一拉扳機看看是否有鬆動，可以快速的判斷噴筆的噴嘴內部是否有餘漆殘留。如果有這種情況，可能說明你的噴筆需要徹底清潔了.（譯者注：有沒有大神來指點一下這是個什麼原理呢？）
不同類型的噴筆設計可能不盡相同，有些噴筆的拆卸方式也有所不同。我這款田宮超細HG，也是業餘模型愛好者中非常普遍的選擇之一。我們以此為例來做個演示吧，大部分噴筆的清潔步驟都和這個相同。
So you just got your basecoat andcamouflage finished and you are happy with the results.
It is now important that you devote a bitof time to disassemble and thoroughly clean the airbrush. One can quickly tellif any paint has built up inside of the nozzle of a double action airbrush byfeeling if the trigger has become slightly loose when pulling back on it. Ifyour trigger has any play it most likely means that your airbrush needs to becleaned.
There are many different types of airbrushdesigns and some disassemble rather differently. This Tamiya superfine HG-SFmodel is a rather common choice amongst hobbyists. Let’s use this as an exampleas the same cleaning steps will apply to most other type of airbrushes.
△ Photo 1 圖片1
如前所述，最好使用和油漆相同品牌的稀釋劑或洗筆液來清潔噴筆。用不同品牌的洗筆液或稀釋劑有可能會導致噴嘴內殘餘油漆凝固，從而堵塞噴嘴的情況。那就得花更多的時間來清了。如果你非常瞭解你常使用品牌油漆的成分，可以在當地的五金店，繪畫工具店，甚至是藥店買到替代產品，如異丙醇或酒精。
As already mentioned it is best to use thethinner or brush cleaner offered by the brand of paint you are using to cleanyour airbrush. Mixing different brands of paint and thinner together can causethe remaining paint inside of the nozzle to coagulate making miserable clogs thattake much more time to clean. If you are knowledgeable of the brands younormally use, there are less expensive alternatives such as isopropyl alcoholor white spirits available in your local hardware, art and pharmaceuticalstores.
△ Photo2 圖片2
在塗裝完之前那個E-50的氧化紅底色後，我只需加入一點稀釋劑，來清理噴筆。方法是：我把稀釋劑倒入噴壺內，接下來堵住噴嘴，同時拉動扳機讓空氣迴流。這時候會產生氣泡，它們有助於清除噴筆內部大部分的塗料，迴流一會兒後，可以倒掉或者直接噴掉。
After applying the red oxide basecoat to myE50 I simply took the same lacquer thinner, used to thin the paint during theapplication of the base coat, to clean out the airbrush. I like to start byplacing some of the thinner into the cup. Next I block the end of the nozzlewhile pulling the trigger forcing the air back up through the cup. The bubblescreated will help to clean most of the paint away from the interior of theairbrush. After you can dump out the dirty thinner and/or spray it through thenozzle.
△ Photo3-4 圖片3-4
接下來擰下噴嘴（譯者注：這裡千萬要小心，用扳手擰噴嘴的時候用力不要太猛，容易斷，那就徹底悲劇了），將針頭從後面取出，然後在餐巾紙上輕輕地擦乾淨。
Next unscrew the nozzle, slide the needlethrough the front and wipe it clean on a piece of tissue paper.
△ Photo 5 圖片5
隨著噴筆用了一段時間之後，通常會在噴嘴內部會有油漆和灰塵堆積。您可以用針（譯者注：淘寶上有很多清理噴筆的工具賣）小心的清理噴頭和噴嘴內部，把餘漆殘留弄出來。把噴筆拆開清潔後，放一夜讓它乾燥，第二天再組裝起來。
Over time there will usually be some of paintand dust collected inside of the nozzle. You can carefully scrape the inside ofthe nozzle and push the dry paint through the end using the needle. Aftersimply place the disassembled airbrush down and let it dry overnight beforeassembling it again in the morning.
BRUSH PAINTING BASE COATSAND CAMOUFLAGES
筆塗底色和迷彩
噴塗雖然是模型愛好者在塗裝時的首選方式，但也有筆塗更適合的情況。
筆塗通常需要花更多的時間，更多的耐心，更好的手法來避免筆痕。如果你足夠耐心，油漆稀釋得當，薄塗多層，在塗刷大面積時筆塗有一定的優勢。
Airbrushing is usually the preferred meansby modellers for applying coats of paint but there will be cases where a paintbrush is more suitable.
Brush painting requires more time. Moreskill is also needed in order to avoid textures, like brush strokes, after thepaint has dried that will affect the washes. If you are patient and thin thepaint properly, brush painting large areas has its advantages.
在這個例子中，我們來筆塗一種硬邊迷彩。有很多遮蓋的方法來噴塗硬邊迷彩。可以用遮蓋帶，遮蓋液甚至是那種有粘性的油泥。問題是這些方法通常都還需要在邊緣再進行一些修飾才能達到滿意的效果，這還沒有計算切割遮蓋帶創造複雜的迷彩圖案所需花費的大量時間，用遮蓋液可能會弄的到處都是，油泥可能會破壞蝕刻片。通過筆塗繪製硬邊迷彩就可以很好的控制了，而且顏色的邊緣更加犀利。
In this example we are going to apply ahardedge camouflage scheme. There are a number of methods for masking andairbrushing hard edge camouflages. Cut pieces of masking tape, liquid mask andeven silly putty can be used. The problem is that these methods often requiresome touch up around the edges. Time is also needed to properly cut the piecesof tape to create intricate patterns. Liquid mask can be messy. Silly puttywill break fine photoetched details. Painting a complex hard-edge camouflage bybrush will give you more control while allowing you tighter edges betweencolors.
在本節中，我將向您展示如何在這輛JSU-152上使用筆塗的方式呈現複雜的硬邊迷彩。不幸的是，我只有一張JSU-152的照片，模型也是參照這張圖片，在這種情況下，我需要仔細研究照片中的迷彩圖案，判斷它在照片中的側面看起來是什麼樣的。
In this section I am going to now show youhow I applied a complex hard-edged camouflage onto this JSU-152 using a paintbrush. Unfortunately I only had one photo of the JSU-152 on which this replicawas modeled. In this case I needed to study the camouflage in the photocarefully to get an idea as to how it might appear on the sides out of view inthe photo.
△ Photo 1 圖片1
先用Lifecolor漆噴塗綠色底色。然後我用鉛筆描繪迷彩圖案。
After airbrushing a coat of green over themodel using Lifecolor paints I drew the camouflage pattern using a pencil.
△ Photo 2-4 圖片2-4
我用AV手塗漆調製了第一種色調，然後用水稀釋了一下達到所謂的“牛奶狀”。稀釋塗料好處是我們可以得到更光滑的表面，筆痕更少。接下來我用筆刷開始描繪迷彩的輪廓。（還記得之前鉛筆畫的輪廓麼，按那個走就行啦。）
I mixed the first tone from acrylics thenadded some water thinning the paint to the consistency of milk. Thinning thepaints will result in a smoother finish with less brush strokes evident. Itraced the outlines of the camouflage pattern using a new brush.
△ Photo 5-6 圖片5-6
塗完輪廓後，我開始把這個迷彩區域填充起來。通常要薄塗個五、六層才能在綠色的底色上獲得良好的色彩效果。我們筆塗的時候通常從淺色調開始，然後塗深色調。在這個例子中，實車是深綠色底色，所以我在頂部車體，上部裝甲結構，底盤和車輪上都噴塗了綠色。選擇了這種塗裝意味著我需要在較深色的綠色上塗更多的沙色來遮蓋深綠色底色。（譯者注：因為綠色比沙色要深，用淺色遮蓋深色需要塗更多層才能完全遮蓋。）
After tracing the pattern I painted thefirst coat of the tan areas making up the camouflage. Five to six of thethinned coats of the lighter sand colour were needed to get a good opaque toneover the darker green. When brush painting it is usually best to start with thelighter tones then move onto the darks. In the case of this replica, the actualvehicle contained a dark green basecoat. I opted to airbrush the green tonefirst finishing the upper hull, superstructure, chassis and wheels all at thesame time. Choosing to paint the model in this manner resulted in me needing toapply more layers of sand over the darker green.
△ Photo 7-8 圖片7-8
接下來開始塗棕色了，依次是黑色。在手塗迷彩時，您先得把每種顏色的漆調好，裝在調色皿或者油漆瓶中，這樣如果出現對圖案不滿意或者出錯需要修改的時候，你可以快速的用相應的顏色完成。（譯者注：手塗的時候修修補補肯定是免不了的，大師都是這樣，所以各位手塗黨，你們的耐心我跪了！）我還會用紙上切割出模板的方式來噴塗車上的標識。最後，我會對整個模型噴塗一層保護漆。
I moved onto the brown colour and finishedwith the black. When painting a camouflage in this manner always first mixplenty of each tone keeping them sealed in jars. Having each of the colorsavailable will allow you to quickly paint back over areas where you mademistakes or are unhappy with the pattern. Once I went back and touched up a fewareas I airbrushed the markings using stencils cut from paper. After Iairbrushed a few coats of satin varnish over the entire model.
△ Photo 9-11 圖片9-11
還是這個例子，最好完成參考圖片中可以看到的所有迷彩圖案。完成可見部分之後，我就更容易推倒出另外一側的圖案看起來應該是個什麼樣子。大家看到另外一輛虎王上的迷彩也是筆塗出來的。我看到過很多這種阿登戰役中著名的虎王伏擊迷彩照片，但令人沮喪的是，我無法找到更多有關上車體和炮塔頂部圖案的圖像資料。所以一旦我完成了可參考圖片中的每一個面之後，我就可以設計出相對準確的上車體和炮塔頂部的圖案。在做這個虎王時，我先用了淺沙黃色調作為底色開始，而不是用深綠色或紅棕色。根據我們要製作的對象，往往從淺色調開始會比較好一些。在下一期中，我們將討論運用CM技法（色調調節）塗裝底色和迷彩。
It is best to finish all of the sides thatyou can distinguish in your reference photos first. After completing thevisible parts it was easier for me to imagine what the patterns on the sidesout of view might have looked like. The camouflage on the Tiger II was alsopainted by brush. I have seen many photos of this factory applied ambushcamouflage pattern from all sides of these famous Tigers seen during theArdennes offensive. To my dismay I was unable to find many images clearlyshowing the pattern on the upper hull and turret. Once I finished applying thecamouflage onto each side referencing the photos, I was then able to designwhat might have been a fairly accurate pattern onto the tops of the hull andturret. In the case of the Tiger II I started with the light sand yellow tonethan finished with the darker green and red-brown colors. Again it is usuallybetter to start with the lighter tones depending on the subject. In the nextpart we will continue with base coat and camouflage application with the ColourModulation Style.
（本期完，敬請期待第三期）
文 / Adam Wilder
譯 / facewest
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