一、主謂關係中人稱和數量不一致性
漢語的動詞不受主語的人稱和數量的影響,但英語的謂語動詞要和主語保持一致,謂語動詞要隨著主語變化而變化。而學生受漢語思維的影響,往往沒有習慣去考慮主語是第幾人稱,是單數還是複數。
錯誤例子:
- a. A number of students is going to learn a foreign language.
- b. He go to school by bike every day.
正確例子:
- a. A number of students are going to learn a foreign language.
- b. He goes to school by bike every day.
分析:
a句中a number of +複數名詞做主語時,其謂語動詞用複數形式。b中 He是第三人稱單數,在一般現在時態中謂語動詞go應該加es。
二、時態
初中學生在寫作中經常在時態方面犯錯誤。英語時態種類繁多,動詞的構成形式隨著時態的變化而變化。中文裡沒有時態區分。動作或動詞的時間由跟在動詞後的諸如 “著”、“了”、“過”等副詞來表示,對初中生來說,掌握英語的時態不是很容易。
錯誤例子:
- a. A baby can cry as soon as it was born.
- b. I will not come here if it will rain tomorrow.
正確例子:
- a. A baby can cry as soon as it is born.
- b. I will not come here if it rains tomorrow.
分析:
- a句是一個常識問題,應該用一般現在時態。b句主句是一般將來時,從句是一般現在時態。
三、語態錯誤
動詞的被動式在英語中比比皆是,學生由於漢語思維的影響,很少考慮到用被動語態。雖然中文裡也有被動式的含義,但與英語裡被動式表達方式完全不同。英語裡的被動式要求有助動詞be和一個變異的過去分詞形式,其中這個助動詞帶有時態和人稱數量信息,中文裡需要使用諸如“被”、“使”、“讓”等詞語,不需要有不規則的動詞形式。這對中國的學習者來說就有潛在的困難。
錯誤例子:
- a. New bicycles must keep inside.
- b. The book has to return at the end of the week.
- c. The food has cooked.
- d. Knife should take away from babies.
正確例子:
- a. New bicycles must be kept inside.
- b. The book has to be returned at the end of the week.
- c. The food has been cooked.
- d. Knives should be taken away from babies.
分析:
- 以上句子的問題就在於沒有運用好被動語態。
四、固定搭配
錯誤多出現在介詞短語的搭配和固定詞組的搭配上,其中,特殊動詞的搭配和用法錯誤最為常見。
錯誤例子:
- a. He suggested to go there on his bike.
- b. My teacher explained me the text very carefully.
- c. My mother made me to choose the one I liked best.
正確例子:
- a. He suggested going there on his bike.
- b. My teacher explained the text to me very carefully.
- c. My mother made me choose the one I liked best.
分析:
- 中國學習者的英語應用很大程度上受到其母語的影響,經常直接翻譯,沒有牢牢記住動詞的特殊用法和固定搭配。比如suggest doing sth.;explain sth. to sb.;make sb do sth.
五、非謂語動詞
學生常常對非謂語動詞的概念不清楚,對不定式、分詞、動名詞的用法不明白,對句子結構分析不正確,常把非謂語動詞誤用作謂語動詞。
錯誤例子:
- a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things look at.
- b. I am looking forward to see you.
正確例子:
- a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things to look at.
- b. I am looking forward to seeing you.
分析:
- a句中已有謂語動詞來修飾things,此句缺的是後置定語。b句look forward to是一個固定短語,look forward to doing sth.
六、冠詞的使用
冠詞考查分兩個方面,一是冠詞的殘缺或多餘,考生要注意關於含有冠詞(不含冠詞)的用法以及加冠詞與不加冠詞的區別,如:in charge of與in the charge of, out of question與out of the question的區別。二是冠詞the, a, an(不定冠詞和定冠詞)之間的相互誤用。
英漢名詞確有許多共同點,但是也有不少不同點。英語名詞有可數與不可數之分,漢語裡沒有,且一般情況下,名詞都可受到數量詞的限制。因此,英語寫作中,一旦涉及到advice, news, progress, weather, information等少數常用不可數名詞時,學生往往會犯錯誤。
不過,在使用英語不可數名詞時,又會出現兩種情況,一種是絕不可以用a/an或數詞來直接修飾,如上述提及的幾個名詞;另一種情況是,少數不可數名詞在被形容詞修飾後,可用a/an等來修飾。如time(時間),rain(雨)。所以我們可以說:We had a wonderful time yesterday.
錯誤例子:
- a. The air is the most important thing for our existence.
- b. The driver brought the car to stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
- c. When sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
正確例子:
- a. Air is the most important thing for our existence.
- b. The driver brought the car to a stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
- c. When the sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
分析:
- a句中air是不可數名詞,不需要the,b句中stop在此處的意思是站臺,表示某一個站臺,需要有a來修飾,c句中太陽是專有名詞,需要有the來修飾。
七、名詞的使用
名詞主要考查單數名詞變複數名詞,這主要是受東西方文化差異的影響,英語中除了不可數名詞和單數名詞用單數外,可數名詞要用複數形式。另外還有一些特殊形式。例如:
錯誤例子:
- a. What a beautiful weather we are having today!
- b. Please give my best regard to your parents.
正確例子:
- a. What beautiful weather we are having today!
- b. Please give my best regards to your parents.
分析:
- a句中weather是不可數名詞,不需要a。b中regard是可數的,所以要加上s。
八、情態動詞的使用
主要有以下幾種錯誤:① 情態動詞後的動詞使用過去時態;② 情態動詞後的動詞加“s”③ 情態動詞後的動詞加“ing”④”will”後面的“be”動詞用“am、“is”或“are ”;⑤助動詞“do”後面的動詞用動詞過去時態;⑥。助動詞“do”後面的動詞第三人稱單數加“s";⑦ 助動詞“do”後面的動詞加“ing”等。
錯誤例子:
- a. I could did my homework.
- b. He may goes to school by bike every day.
正確例子:
- a. I could do my homework.
- b. He may go to school by bike every day.
分析:
- 情態動詞後加動詞原形。
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