一、主谓关系中人称和数量不一致性
汉语的动词不受主语的人称和数量的影响,但英语的谓语动词要和主语保持一致,谓语动词要随着主语变化而变化。而学生受汉语思维的影响,往往没有习惯去考虑主语是第几人称,是单数还是复数。
错误例子:
- a. A number of students is going to learn a foreign language.
- b. He go to school by bike every day.
正确例子:
- a. A number of students are going to learn a foreign language.
- b. He goes to school by bike every day.
分析:
a句中a number of +复数名词做主语时,其谓语动词用复数形式。b中 He是第三人称单数,在一般现在时态中谓语动词go应该加es。
二、时态
初中学生在写作中经常在时态方面犯错误。英语时态种类繁多,动词的构成形式随着时态的变化而变化。中文里没有时态区分。动作或动词的时间由跟在动词后的诸如 “着”、“了”、“过”等副词来表示,对初中生来说,掌握英语的时态不是很容易。
错误例子:
- a. A baby can cry as soon as it was born.
- b. I will not come here if it will rain tomorrow.
正确例子:
- a. A baby can cry as soon as it is born.
- b. I will not come here if it rains tomorrow.
分析:
- a句是一个常识问题,应该用一般现在时态。b句主句是一般将来时,从句是一般现在时态。
三、语态错误
动词的被动式在英语中比比皆是,学生由于汉语思维的影响,很少考虑到用被动语态。虽然中文里也有被动式的含义,但与英语里被动式表达方式完全不同。英语里的被动式要求有助动词be和一个变异的过去分词形式,其中这个助动词带有时态和人称数量信息,中文里需要使用诸如“被”、“使”、“让”等词语,不需要有不规则的动词形式。这对中国的学习者来说就有潜在的困难。
错误例子:
- a. New bicycles must keep inside.
- b. The book has to return at the end of the week.
- c. The food has cooked.
- d. Knife should take away from babies.
正确例子:
- a. New bicycles must be kept inside.
- b. The book has to be returned at the end of the week.
- c. The food has been cooked.
- d. Knives should be taken away from babies.
分析:
- 以上句子的问题就在于没有运用好被动语态。
四、固定搭配
错误多出现在介词短语的搭配和固定词组的搭配上,其中,特殊动词的搭配和用法错误最为常见。
错误例子:
- a. He suggested to go there on his bike.
- b. My teacher explained me the text very carefully.
- c. My mother made me to choose the one I liked best.
正确例子:
- a. He suggested going there on his bike.
- b. My teacher explained the text to me very carefully.
- c. My mother made me choose the one I liked best.
分析:
- 中国学习者的英语应用很大程度上受到其母语的影响,经常直接翻译,没有牢牢记住动词的特殊用法和固定搭配。比如suggest doing sth.;explain sth. to sb.;make sb do sth.
五、非谓语动词
学生常常对非谓语动词的概念不清楚,对不定式、分词、动名词的用法不明白,对句子结构分析不正确,常把非谓语动词误用作谓语动词。
错误例子:
- a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things look at.
- b. I am looking forward to see you.
正确例子:
- a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things to look at.
- b. I am looking forward to seeing you.
分析:
- a句中已有谓语动词来修饰things,此句缺的是后置定语。b句look forward to是一个固定短语,look forward to doing sth.
六、冠词的使用
冠词考查分两个方面,一是冠词的残缺或多余,考生要注意关于含有冠词(不含冠词)的用法以及加冠词与不加冠词的区别,如:in charge of与in the charge of, out of question与out of the question的区别。二是冠词the, a, an(不定冠词和定冠词)之间的相互误用。
英汉名词确有许多共同点,但是也有不少不同点。英语名词有可数与不可数之分,汉语里没有,且一般情况下,名词都可受到数量词的限制。因此,英语写作中,一旦涉及到advice, news, progress, weather, information等少数常用不可数名词时,学生往往会犯错误。
不过,在使用英语不可数名词时,又会出现两种情况,一种是绝不可以用a/an或数词来直接修饰,如上述提及的几个名词;另一种情况是,少数不可数名词在被形容词修饰后,可用a/an等来修饰。如time(时间),rain(雨)。所以我们可以说:We had a wonderful time yesterday.
错误例子:
- a. The air is the most important thing for our existence.
- b. The driver brought the car to stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
- c. When sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
正确例子:
- a. Air is the most important thing for our existence.
- b. The driver brought the car to a stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
- c. When the sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
分析:
- a句中air是不可数名词,不需要the,b句中stop在此处的意思是站台,表示某一个站台,需要有a来修饰,c句中太阳是专有名词,需要有the来修饰。
七、名词的使用
名词主要考查单数名词变复数名词,这主要是受东西方文化差异的影响,英语中除了不可数名词和单数名词用单数外,可数名词要用复数形式。另外还有一些特殊形式。例如:
错误例子:
- a. What a beautiful weather we are having today!
- b. Please give my best regard to your parents.
正确例子:
- a. What beautiful weather we are having today!
- b. Please give my best regards to your parents.
分析:
- a句中weather是不可数名词,不需要a。b中regard是可数的,所以要加上s。
八、情态动词的使用
主要有以下几种错误:① 情态动词后的动词使用过去时态;② 情态动词后的动词加“s”③ 情态动词后的动词加“ing”④”will”后面的“be”动词用“am、“is”或“are ”;⑤助动词“do”后面的动词用动词过去时态;⑥。助动词“do”后面的动词第三人称单数加“s";⑦ 助动词“do”后面的动词加“ing”等。
错误例子:
- a. I could did my homework.
- b. He may goes to school by bike every day.
正确例子:
- a. I could do my homework.
- b. He may go to school by bike every day.
分析:
- 情态动词后加动词原形。
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