英汉成语翻译中的形象处理

在成语的翻译过程中,喻义的传达固然重要,然而形象的处理也是不容忽视的一个重要方面,形象处理是否得当,直接影响到成语翻译的成功与否。由于英汉不同的民族文化背景,英汉成语各自形成了鲜明的形象特征,翻译时应力求达意传神、形义兼备。一般来说,形象处理通常采用以下五种方法:

(1) 保留形象

英汉语中有少数成语,彼此在喻义上对等,形象巧合,翻译时可用译语中的形象再现原语成语中的形象。

1. "谋事在人,成事在天。"咱们谋到了,靠菩萨的保佑,有些机会,也未可知。(《红楼梦》)

Man proposes, heaven disposes. Work out a plan, trust to Buddha, and something may come of it for all you know.

2. 如今听见周瑞家的捆了他亲家,越发火上浇油。(《红楼梦》)

The news now that Chou Jui's wife had had a relative of hers tied up added fuel to the fire of her indignation.

3. 你不要听他那号话。四月里胡宗南占绥德,不是说……?他们占了三天,不是夹起尾巴跑了?(《铜墙铁壁》)

You don't want to listen t that kind of talk. When Hu Tsun-nan's forces were in Suiten last April didn't they claim …? They lasted three days, then put their tails between their legs and ran?

(二) 移植形象

即译语中无现成的成语形象与原语中成语的形象相对应,只得将原语的成语形象移植到译语中去,但这种移植的形象,必须能够为译语读者所理解和接受。这种译法,有利于不同文化的交流和语言的融合,提高译语语言的表达能力。

1. 宝玉笑道:"我就是个多愁多病的身,你就是那倾国倾城的貌。" (《红楼梦》)

"I'am the one sick with longing," he joked, "And yours is the beauty which caused cities and kingdoms to fall. "

2. 一个是水中月,一个是镜中花。(《红楼梦》)

One is the moon reflected in the water, the other but a flower in the mirror.

3. (贾瑞)等着,热锅上蚂蚁一般,只是左等也不见人影,右听也没声响…… (《红楼梦》)

He waited there for her arrival with the frenzied agitation of an ant on a hot saucepan. Yet, though he waited and waited, not a human shape appeared nor a human sound was heard…

(三) 转换形象

当无法在译语中再现或移植原语中成语中的形象时,可用符合译语表达习惯并为译语读者所熟悉的形象替换原语成语的形象,这样虽然舍去了原语成语的形象,但仍可借助译语中相应的形象,使读者产生与原语读者相近或相似的语义联想,获得大体相同的艺术感受。

1. 有话不明说,许你们这样鬼鬼祟祟的干什么事?(《红楼梦》)

But why not talk openly instead of in this hole-and –corner fashion?

2. 今既入了这园,再遇湘云,香菱、芳、蕊一干女子,所谓"人以类聚,物以群分", 二语不错。(《红楼梦》)

Coming here now and meeting Hsiang-yun, Hsiang-ling, Fang-kuan, Jui-kuan and the other girls, it was a genuine case "like attracts like" or "birds of a feather flock together."

(四)舍弃形象

某些成语的形象既无法在译语中再现,也无法转换或移植到译语中,翻译的唯一方法就是舍弃原语中的形象,而在透彻理解原语成语的基础上用简洁生动的语言译出原语成语的含义,尽可能缩小译语与原语成语对各自读者所产生的语义联想和艺术感受的差距。

1. 宝钗独自行来,顺路进了怡红院……不想步入院中,鸦雀无声。(《红楼梦》)

Pao-chai walked on alone to Happy Red Court… To her surprise, his courtyard was utterly quiet.

2. 可是我糊涂了?正经说的都没说,且说些"陈谷子,烂芝麻"的。(《红楼梦》)

"How stupid of me to forget what I really come for and just to maunder on?" exclaimed Lai.

3. "你怎么不查清家底就说媒呀?"……

"木已成舟罢!好在这个弟子会读书。"(季六如,《六十年的变迁》)

"Why didn't you find out the background of the family before you arranged the match?"…

"What's been done can't be undone! It's a good thing though, this boy studies well."

(五)增添形象

由于东西方文化和语言的差异,出于表达的需要或便于译语读者的理解和接受,某些成语可套用译语中现有的成语,从而有可能会增添形象。在套用译语中现有成语时,必须尽量避免使用具有较强民族特色的形象,否则会影响译语读者的理解和欣赏效果。

1. 欲加之罪,何患无辞?

A stick is quickly found to beat a dog with.

2. 欲盖弥彰

To try to put a patch upon it and be worse off.

3. 凤姐笑道:"我看你厉害,明儿有了事,我也丁是丁,卯是卯的,你也别抱怨。" (《红楼梦》)

"What a terror you are," protested His-feng, smiling, "Don't' complain next time you're in trouble if I put on the screws."

成语翻译中的形象处理是成语翻译成功与否的关键,既涉及到两种语言的表达形式,更涉及到两种文化的背景,特别是译语读者的生活习惯、思维方式和宗教信仰等民族心理因素,因此在实际翻译过程中,必须本着内容与形式统一、内容决定形式、形式为内容服务的原则,反复推敲,权衡得失,具体情况具体分析。


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