中考英語語法基礎解析(收藏)

很多同學看了很多語法書,可是覺得自己做題的時候,對語法掌握得還不是很好。當然原因很多: 其一就是很多同學在研究語法(這是語法學家做的事情), 比如哪些詞可以做主語,背得很熟,可是做題時卻用不上;其二就是基本的語法規則沒有掌握。下面給同學們分析下英語句子的基礎組成。

中考英語語法基礎解析(收藏)

句子成分、簡單句、並列句和複合句

一、句子成分

(一)句子成分的定義:構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主語和謂語;次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。

(二)主語:主語是一個句子所敘述的主體,也就是動作的發出者,一般位於句首。但在 there be 結 構、疑問句(當主語不疑問詞時)和倒裝句中,主語位於謂語、助動詞或情態動詞後面。主語可由名 詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。

一句話語法: 主語由名詞性的詞來充當. 例如:

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名詞)

We often speak English in class.(代詞)

One-third of the students in this class are girls.(數詞)

To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)

Smoking does harm to the health.(動名詞)

The rich should help the poor.(名詞化的形容詞)

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.(主語從句)

It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it 作形式主語,真正的主語為後面的不定式)

(三)謂語:謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特徵和狀態。動詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之後。 一句話語法: 謂語由動詞充當. 有很多同學在寫作的時候容易犯的錯誤就是要麼亂用 be 動詞,要麼句子 沒有謂語動詞. 謂語的構成如下:

1、簡單謂語:由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如:He practices running every morning.

2、複合謂語:(1)由情態動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成。注意:這裡面的動詞原形非常重要。 如:

You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系動詞加表語構成。如:We are students.

(四)表語:表語用以說明主語的身份、特徵和狀態,它一般位於系動詞(如 be, become, get, look, grow,turn, seem 等)之後。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副 詞及表語從句表示。一句話語法: 表語使用形容詞,不用副詞! 例如:

Our teacher of English is an American.(名詞) Is it yours?(代詞)

The weather has turned cold.(形容詞) The speech is exciting.(分詞)

Three times seven is twenty one?(數詞)His job is to teach English.(不定式)

His hobby(愛好)is playing football.(動名詞)The machine must be out of order.(介詞短語)

Time is up. The class is over.(副詞)注意: 副詞可以做表語的只有幾個,非常簡單,考試不考,所以上面說: 表語使用形容詞,不用副詞! 我們所複習的語法直接針對中考,不是搞語法研究,這點請大家一定要記住。

The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表語從句)

(五)賓語:賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者,一般位於及物動詞和介詞後面。一句話語法:賓語由名詞 性的詞充當,賓語分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語,分別構成動賓結構和介詞結構,這點非常重要, 務必要牢記.例如:They went to see an exhibition(展覽)yesterday.(名詞)

The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.(代詞)

How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(數詞)

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名詞化形容詞)

He pretended not to see me.(不定式短語)

I enjoy listening to popular music.(動名詞短語)

I think(that)he is fit for his office.(賓語從句)

賓語種類:(1)雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語),例如:Lend me your dictionary, please.如果同學搞不清 楚什麼是雙賓語,記下下面這個句子: give me a book.一人一物做賓語就是雙賓語.說得白一點,雙就是兩 個的意思.(2)複合賓語(賓語+賓補),例如:They elected him their monitor.

(六)賓語補足語:英語中有些及物動詞,除有一個直接賓語以外,還要有一個賓語補語,才能使句 子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為:某些及物動詞(如 make 等+賓語+賓補)。賓補可由名 詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。一句話語法: 賓語補足語使用形容詞,不用 副詞.例如:

His father named him Dongming.(名詞) They painted their boat white.(形容詞)

Let the fresh air in.(副詞)

You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.(不定式短語)

We saw her entering the room.(現在分詞)

We found everything in the lab in good order.(介詞短語)

We will soon make our city what your city is now.(從句)

(七)定語:修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。一句話語法:定語使用形容詞 定語可由以 下等成分表示:

Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容詞)

China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分詞)

There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名詞)

His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代 詞)

Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短語)

The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(動名詞)

He is reading an article about how to learn English.(介詞短語)

(八)狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子(這個就叫狀語,一句話語法: 狀語用副詞,不用形容 詞),說明動作或狀態特徵的句子成分,叫做狀語。可由以下形式表示:

Light travels most quickly.(副詞及副詞性詞組) He has lived in the city for ten years.(介詞短語) He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短語)

He is in the room making a model plane.(分詞短語)

Wait a minute.(名詞) Once you begin, you must continue.(狀語從句)

狀語種類如下:

How about meeting again at six?(時間狀語)(表示時間就是時間狀語,那表示原因的呢? 對嘍,就是原因狀語)

Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因狀語)

I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.(條件狀語)Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地點狀語) She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式狀語)

She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴隨狀語)

In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的狀語)

He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(結果狀語)

She works very hard though she is old.(讓步狀語) I am taller than he is.(比較狀語)

練習:用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語(—)、謂語(=)、賓語(~):

I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.

1)陳述句(肯定、否定):He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.

特點: 用句號結束一個句子

2)疑問句(一般、特殊、選擇、反意):Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?

疑問句就是問句

3)祈使句:Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class

祈使句: 表示命令或者請求. 和有沒有主語沒有關係 4)感嘆句:How clever the boy is!

還有一個結構是用 what. how 後面加上的是形容詞副詞.what 後面加上的是名詞。

e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys.

She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

2) 並列句:由並列連詞(and, but, or 等)或分號(;)把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構成。 要注意喲,逗號是不可以連接句子的,這一點和漢語不同.

e.g. You help him and he helps you.

The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。

3)複合句:含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。複合句包含:名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語

從句和同位語從句)、定語從句和狀語從句等。

有主句和從句構成,在一個句子前面加上連詞(當然不是 and,but,or 了),這個句子就是從句了.

e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.

1、主語+系動詞+表語:e.g. He is a student.

2、主語+不及物動詞:e.g. We work.

3、主語+及物動詞+賓語:e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.

4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語):e.g. My father bought me a car. 5、主語+及物動詞+複合賓語(賓語+賓補):e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.

注:其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴展、變化或省略而構成。

這是非常重要的,不需要理解,背下來吧。

1、表示連接兩個同等概念,常用 and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then 等連接。

e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.

2、表示選擇,常用的連詞有 or, either…or…, otherwise 等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.

3、表示轉折,常用的連詞有 but, still, however, yet, while, when 等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.

4、表示因果關係,常用的連詞有 so, for, therefore 等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 這裡大家記住這些連詞就夠用了.如果一下子記不住這麼多,就記一個兩個,記住有的時候不要和自己較勁。

1、簡單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎句型的題不多,但是在閱讀中有 時需藉助於劃分句子成分去理解,在書面表達中,沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英 語句子來表達清楚的。

2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是中考命題的熱點之一。有時把祈使句與反意疑問句結合於一體來考 查。一個題目,幾個考點,是近幾年命題的發展趨勢。

3、中考對簡單句、並列句和各種複合句的考查常表現在對連詞的選擇和使用上。如:and, but, or, while, 以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關聯詞。

4、各種主從複合句的考查常常與動詞的時態聯繫在一起,以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯,時間從句 與條件從句中,如果主句是將來時,從句則用一般式表將來,這一點在中考中經常考查。

如:We will go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow。

學法指津:句子分析是學好語法的最基礎的東西,希望大家要注意。句子分析首先要知道怎麼判斷一個句子是單句還是複句,判斷的標準是:1、要看句子中有無連詞;2、要看句子中有幾個謂語動詞。缺 一不可!


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