专题一 冠词用法
一. 冠词的基本用法
㈠不定冠词（a/an）的基本用法
1.与可数名词单数连用, 表示类别。
-- I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over the keyboard.
-- You shouldn't put drinks near a computer.
2.泛指某人或某物, 表示"某一个", 相当于 a certain。
-- Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?
-- Sorry, wrong number. There isn't a Mr. Smith here.
3.用于数量、时间等名词前, 表示"每一（单位）的……"。
I earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
4.在抽象名词、物质名词前(特别是这两种名词有定语修饰时)用不定冠词, 使之意义具体化, 表示"一种"、"一件"、"一份"等。
㈡定冠词(the)的基本用法
1.用来特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。所特指的名词常被短语或定语从句所修饰。
Of all the reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father's advice was the most important one.
2.指说话的双方都知道的人或事物。
Don't worry if you can't come to the party. I'll save some cake for you.
3.复述上文中提到的事物。
There is a shelf in my father's room. The shelf is new.
4.用于单数可数名词之前, 表示该类事物, 相当于 a。
When you come here for your holiday next time, don't go to the hotel; I can find you a bed in my flat.
5.序数词和形容词最高级前。比较级前若表示特指时也要用定冠词 the。
The cakes are delicious. He'd like to have a third one because the second one is rather too small.
6.用于复数姓氏之前, 表示"夫妇"或"全家"。
the Smiths
7.表示世界上独一无二事物的名词前。
the sun, the moon, the earth, the world
8.用于由普通名词构成的专有名词、江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河及
些建筑物等名称前。
According to the World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent the spread of AIDS.
9.在某些形容词之前, 可表示某一类人。
the rich, the poor, the old, the wounded, the living, the dead
㈢零冠词(无冠词)情况：
1.人名、地名（街名、广场名、公园名）、大学名、国名、病名前。
Wang Fu Jing Street, Pei Hai Park 北海公园, Beijing University 但也可说 the University of Beijing。
2.抽象名词表示一般概念时, 一般不用冠词。
When you finish reading the book, you will have a better understanding of life.
3.物质名词表示一般概念时, 一般不用冠词。
The warmth of the sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used.
4.表示职位或头衔的抽象名词前, 常不用冠词。但表示具体的人时, 加 the。
We will elect engineer Liu director of our factory. 类似的名词还有：president, monitor, headmaster, mayor等。
5.表示季节、月份、星期几、节、假日等表示时间的名称前, 不用冠词。但我国的阴历节前要用the。 Children's Day, Women's Day, May Day the Spring Festival。
6.man 作"人类"讲时, 同 human, mankind 一样不用冠词。
While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made a discovery, which completely changed man's understanding of color.
7.复数名词前不用冠词泛指类别。
It is often said that teachers have a very easy life.
二. 冠词的语义分析（根据语境判断特指与泛指）
泛指和特指是每年高考必考的一组概念, 在英语中广泛使用。"泛指"是指普遍、不确定的人或事物, 而"特指"则是指具体、特定的人或事物。泛指与特指可以说是精与细的区别,前者侧重于全面撒网, 而后者旨在重点培养。具体来讲, 其两者区别如下：
1.泛指是指首次提到的, 不限定的人或事物；特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物, 或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物，也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。
A boy is playing basketball.（泛指）
Do you like the boy who are playing basketball?（特指）
2.泛指：一般的指, 是和"特指"相对的；特指：是专门的指, 和"泛指"相对。
I have a car. （泛指）
The car is red.（特指）
3.泛指：无特别指定对象, 是和"特指"相对的；特指：有特别指定对象, 和"泛指"相对。
My mother works in a hospital.（泛指）
The hospital where my mother works is in the center of the city.（特指）
三. 冠词的固定搭配
㈠单一固定词组中冠词的使用
1.不定冠词固定词组
give sb. a ride | 顺便带某人一程 | a couple of | 几个 |
have a good time | 过得很愉快 | keep a diary | 写日记 |
in a hurry | 急忙地 | once in a while | 偶尔地 |
tell a lie | 说谎 | do sb. a favor | 帮某人的忙 |
give sb. a hand | 帮…忙 | once upon a time | 从前 |
all of a sudden | 突然地 | as a matter of fact | 事实上 |
as a result (of) | 作为(……)的结果 | in a word | 总而言之 |
have a word with | 与……说句话 | have/take a look (at) | 看一看 |
have/take a rest | 休息一下 | put an end to | 结束 |
2.定冠词固定词组
play the piano | 弹钢琴 | the whole | 整个 |
the same | 同样的 | go to the cinema | 去看电影 |
3.零冠词固定词组
on foot | 步行 | by train/ boat / plane | 乘火车/船/飞机 |
in fact | 事实上 | in class | 在上课 |
in church | 在教堂 | in danger | 在危险中 |
in hospital | in bed | 在床上 | |
at home | 在家 | at school | 在学校 |
at night | 在晚上 | at noon | 在中午 |
go to bed | 去睡觉 | go to college | 上大学 |
play chess | 下棋 | have lunch | 吃午餐 |
go to school | 去上学 | play basketball | 打篮球 |
㈡用与不用冠词的对比差异
in hospital | 生病住院 | in the hospital | |
go to sea | 出海 | go to the sea | 去海边 |
on earth | 究竟 | on the earth | 在地球上, 在世上 |
in front of | 在……(外部的)前面 | in the front of | 在……(内部的)前面 |
take place | 发生 | take the place(of) | 代替 |
at table | 进餐 | at the table | 在桌子旁 |
by sea | 乘船 | by the sea | 在海边 |
in future | 从今以后 | in the future | 未来 |
out of question | 毫无疑问 | out of the question | 不可能的, 办不到的 |
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