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The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun.
按句子成分劃分，此句為：
The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun.
(主語) ( 定語) (謂語) (狀語) (謂語) (賓語) (定語)
按意群劃分，此句為：
The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun.
一、英語各種成分的基本含義及用法
（一）、主語
主語是全句談論的中心話題。我們在說一句話的時候，首先要明確我們講的是“哪個人”？或者是一件“ 什麼事”？或者是一件“什麼物體”，等。這些代表“哪個人”、“ 什麼事”、“什麼物體”等的部分就是句子的主語。
主語是指句子的某個部分，它可能是一個詞，也可能是一個詞組，還有可能是一個從句，甚至一句話中會有幾個並列的主語等等。所以，英語中很多詞類 (或詞組、從句)都可以做主語。另外，英語中還有一種特殊的主語形式叫“形式主語”，例如：It .... that ...句式等。
1. Peter is a well-known pianist. （名詞作主語）
2. Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school. ( 數詞詞組作主語)
3. He likes reading storybooks. (代詞作主語)
4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure. （不定式短語作主語）
5. What we shall do next is not yet decided. （從句作主語）
6. It took us two hours to travel around the city by subway.
(It 是形式主語 , to travel...部分是真正的主語)
請指出下列句中主語的中心詞。
1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom.
2. There is a bird flying in the sky.
3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
4. It is very difficult to do today's homework without your help.
（二）、謂語
在明確了主語後，我們再來說謂語。謂語是用來回答、說明、解釋主語“做什麼 ”、“是什麼”、“怎麼樣”等的部分。英語句子中，除少數情況外，謂語必須是動詞。而且，除了倒裝等特殊情況外，謂語的位置相對來說是固定的，它總是位於主語的後面。
1. His parents are teachers. （系動詞和表語一起作謂語）
2. We study hard. （行為動詞作謂語）
3. We have finished reading the book. （助動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語）
4. He can speak English. （情態動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語）
請選出下列句中謂語的中心詞。
1. I don't like the picture on the wall.
2. The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
3. Do you usually go to school by bus?
4. Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
5. What I want to tell you is this.
（三）、賓語
從語法角度說，及物動詞後面要接賓語 (介詞後也有賓語) 。從意義上來說，賓語是動作的對象、目標。
賓語是對謂語動詞的進一步說明和解釋。
1. We often help him. （代詞作賓語）
2. He likes to play basketball . （不定式作賓語）
3. We enjoy listening to the music. （動名詞短語作賓語）
4. She said that she felt sick. （從句做賓語）
The sun gives us light and warmth. （us為間接賓語，light and warmth為直接賓語）
1、間接賓語多指人，直接賓語多指物。可以帶兩個賓語的動詞有： bring, give, show, send, pass, tell 等。
間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。
2、如果強調直接賓語，可把直接賓語放在間接賓語的前面，但間接賓語前須加介詞 “to”或“for” 。
接to的動詞有：give, bring, pass, lend, sell, send, show, tell, write等。
Give your mother the letter. ＝Give the letter to your mother.
直接賓語 間接賓語
接for 的動詞有：buy, find, cook, draw, get, sing等。
Can you find me my bag? ＝Can you find my bag for me?
直接賓語 間接賓語
這正是：人前物後看清楚，換位要加for或to。
請挑出下列句中的賓語。
1. My brother hasn't done his homework.
2. People all over the world speak English.
3. How many new words did you learn last class?
4. The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
5. You will find it useful after you leave school.
請劃出下列句中的直接賓語和間接賓語。
1. Please tell us a story.
2. My father bought a new computer for me last week.
3. Mr. Brown is going to teach us chemistry next term.
4. Could you please pass the pen to Tom?
5. Did he leave any message for me?
（四）、賓語補足語
現在一般認為，賓語補足語是對賓語進行進一步的補充說明。賓語補足語主要與英語及物動詞有關。這個問題我想分兩點來說明。
1、英語中有些及物動詞，不但會涉及到一個對象( 賓語)，還會使賓語產生一種結果。動詞引發賓語的結果就是賓語補足語。例如：
We call him Little Tom. (稱呼的對象是him, 稱呼的結果是Little Tom. Little Tom 就是賓語補足語。)
They made her happy. (make 使 her怎麼樣了？happy 作進一步的補充說明，那麼happy是補語。)
I find smoking bad for health. (find 的對象是smoking, 結論是bad for health.)
這一類帶賓語補足語的動詞有：(1) (把…看成 …) regard, see；(2) (把…當成…) treat, take；(3) (把…認為是 …) consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge ；(4) (把…描述為…) describe, use, show, organize, express 等。
2、英語中表示看、聽之類的動詞，不僅看到一個人( 賓語)，還會看到他在做什麼事。賓語所做的事也是賓語補足語。例如：
I saw a bird in a cage. (看到小鳥在籠子裡，“在籠子裡”是賓語補足語。 )
We heard her singing a song. (聽到她在唱歌，“在唱歌”是賓語補足語。)
這一類帶賓語補足語動詞有： see, hear, notice, watch, feel, observe 等。
請找出下列句中的賓語補足語。
1. He asked her to take the boy to the doctor’s.
2. She found it difficult to finish the work today.
3. We call her Lily sometimes.
4. I saw Jerry get on the bus.
5. Did you hear anyone crying outside the door just now?
補充說明：
I'm going to paint it pink.
句子中的it 顯然是賓語。但是主語將要做的並不是it，而是paint it pink。pink 是句子中的賓語補足語。它和賓語之間是邏輯上的主謂關係，也就是說從邏輯上來講，是執行了paint的動作。
句子中的pink是形容詞做賓語補足語。能夠充當賓補的還有賓語補足語的大致有：不定式，現在分詞，過去分詞，形容詞，副詞，介賓短語等。一般情況下，賓補通常緊跟在賓語之後。
比如：
I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容詞做賓補）
I saw the kite up and down. （up and down是副詞做賓補）
Tom made the girl cry. (cry 是省略不定式符號to的動詞不定式）
*常跟複合賓語的動詞有：call,name,make,think,find,leave,keep,nominate(任命),choose,elect(選舉),define( 定義),regard, see, recognize,treat, take,consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge,describe,depict(描述),represent(表現出),declare(宣稱),denounce, employ(僱傭), use, show, organize, express
（五）、表語
英語有一類動詞叫系動詞。系動詞是側重於表示人或事物狀態、性質的動詞，它沒有明顯的外觀的動作形式，例如：be (am/is/are)(是), get(變得), sound(聽起來), look, seem(看起來 ), feel(感到)等等。與系動詞連用的部分叫“系表結構”，“表”就是 “表語”的意思。注意：系表結構合起來共同組成謂語，來說明主語的狀態、性質等。例如：
I am a teacher. (系動詞am + 表語 a teacher)
They are on the playground now. (系動詞are + 表語on the playground.)
It sounds interesting. (sound為系動詞，interesting為表語)
請劃出下列句中的表語。
1. The leaves have turned yellow.
2. She was the first to learn about it.
3. The old man is feeling better now.
4. Why is Mrs. Smith worried about her son?
5. The kids are really interested in joining the chess club.
（六）、定語
定語是修飾名詞或代詞，說明人或事物的狀態、性質、數量等的詞。請記住：定語最關鍵的一點是，定語是用來修飾、限定人和事物(即名詞) 特點的成分。動詞不可能有定語，形容詞也沒有。一般情況下，定語可以是一個詞，也可能是幾個詞或一個詞組，也可能是一個從句(定語從句)。例如：
The black bike is mine. ( 單個的詞作定語)
The office is ten minutes’ walk from here. (詞組作定語)
This is a book which tells about rocket technology. ( 從句作定語)
英語中定語的位置可以在名詞前面，也可以在名詞後面，特別是放在名詞後面的定語，與中文習慣不同，同學們要注意分辨清楚。
He works in a shoe factory.
This is my book, not your book.
Is there anything important in today’s newspaper?
The boy, tired, hungry and thirsty, fell down on the beach.
請劃出下列句中的定語。
1. What is your family name?
2. The boy in blue is Tom.
3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
4. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
5. There are five boys who will play the game.
（七）、狀語
上面說了，定語是說明名詞特點、性質的，而狀語則是說明動詞如何如何的，例如：動作在什麼時間發生，什麼地點發生，什麼條件下發生，為什麼目的發生，等等。狀語的核心是：狀語是修飾動詞的，只有動詞才有狀語。
一般來說，狀語的位置比較靈活，它可以放在句子的任何位置，可以放在句首、句中或者句末，而不一定是緊跟在動詞的前後位置。我們在翻譯的時候，要視具體情況而定。同樣，狀語可以是一個單詞，也可以是幾個單詞或詞組，也可以是一個狀語從句。例如：
We often help him. (often 副詞，位置在help 前面。)
I really don't like the food. (也可以說：I don't like the food really. ) (注意狀語really 的位置。)
He did his homework carefully at home. (carefully 副詞；at home 是詞組，位置都在did 後面。)
When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. (when從句是時間狀語，在句首；to be...是目的狀語。)
請劃出下列句中的狀語。
1. There was a big smile on her face.
2. Every night he practices playing the piano.
3. We must work hard to pass the exam.
4. She loves the library because she loves books.
5. He began to learn English when he was eleven.
利用口訣綜述以上內容：主在前、謂在中，賓語、狀語後面衝。短語定語主賓後，形、代定語主賓前。 間賓直賓緊相依，直、間之間to、for連。賓補位於賓語後，地狀常在時狀前。
二、句子成分的劃分
句子成分構成了英語中各式各樣的句子。句子用詞準確、合乎語法規範是一篇文章最起碼的要求。英語句子雖然千變萬化，但就一個簡單句來說，其基本結構不外乎以下五種：
序號 | 漢語名稱 | 英語名稱 | 簡稱 | |
1 | 主語＋謂語 | Subject + Verb | Ｓ Ｖ | |
2 | 主語＋謂語＋表語 | Subject + Verb + Predicative | Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ | |
3 | 主語＋謂語＋賓語 | Subject + Verb + Object | Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ | |
4 | 主語＋謂語＋間接賓語＋直接賓語 | Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object | Ｓ Ｖ Oi Ｏd | |
5 | 主語＋謂語＋賓語＋賓語補足語 | Subject + Verb + Object + Complement | Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ | |
6 | There be 句型 |
|
| |
Group one
1. Mr. Green swims every summer.
2. Mr. Green can swim across the river.
3. Mr. Green can swim and swims every summer.
分析：本組句子都是“主＋謂”結構 ( S + vi. )。其中第1句是簡單謂語，第2句是複合謂語， 第3句是並列謂語。
Group two
1. Mr. Spun is our English teacher.
2. He seems to know everything.
3. His hair turned gray.
分析：本組句子都是“主＋謂＋表”結構，也叫做“主＋系＋表”結構( S + link v. + P )。英語中常見的系動詞有：(1) 表狀態的be；(2) 表“看 (聽/聞/摸)起來”的look, seem, appear, sound, smell, feel等； (3) 表示變化的become, turn, get, fall, go等；(4) 表示保持的keep, stay, remain等。在系動詞後作表語的主要是形容詞、名詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞，以及少數副詞等也可作表語。
Group three
1. I’ve just got a copy of this book.
2. Do you want to read this book?
3. I’ll finish reading the book overnight.
4. We often talk about good books.
5. I think this book is well worth reading.
分析：本組句子都是“主＋謂＋賓”結構( S + vt. + O ) 。英語中的及物動詞（vt.）和介詞後通常要接賓語，不及物動詞（vi.）不可直接帶賓語；充當賓語的常有：名詞、代詞（賓格）、不定式、動名詞和賓語從句。
Group four
1. We call him Mr. White.
2. We would like him to teach us.
3. He makes his lessons lively and interesting.
4. We think it our duty to serve in the army.
5. The situation makes it necessary that our product should be improved.
分析：本組句子都是“主＋謂+ 複合賓語(賓語 +賓補)”結構。賓補用於補充說明賓語幹什麼、是什麼、怎麼樣，故賓語和賓補有邏輯上的主謂或主表關係；充當賓補的主要是形容詞，名詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞，以及個別副詞也可作補語。
注意：當不定式或從句作賓語，又需接補語時，要用it放在賓語的位置作形式賓語，將作賓語的不定式或從句移到補語的後面，如本組的第 4句和第5句。
Group five
1. Jennifer teaches us English.
2. Today he gave me some good advice on English study and I bought him a gift.
分析：本組句子都是“主＋謂 +雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語)”。表示人的間接賓語通常放在表示物的直接賓語的前面，若要將間接賓語放到直接賓語的後面，需要加介詞to 或for ，如本組第2句可改寫為：
Today he gave some good advice on English study to me and I bought a gift for him.
分析下列句子成分。
1. The teacher got very angry.
2. Last night I wrote a letter.
3. The boy told me his story.
4. We watched the train leaving the station.
5. He often goes somewhere beautiful and quiet on vacation.
用括號內所提示的基本句型將下列句子譯成英語。
1. 你的故事聽起來很有趣。（主語 + 系動詞 + 表語）
2. 我妹妹是在農村長大的。（主語 + 謂語）
3. 他因為車子開得太快而違反了交通規則。（主語 + 謂語 + 賓語）
4. 下學期誰教你們生物？（主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語）
5. 他總是把他的臥室收拾得乾乾淨淨。（主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語）
三、對各種句子成分提問
1、對主語提問：
Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening.
→ Who reviews his English lessons in the reading-room every evening?
2、對謂語提問：
Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening.
→ What does Cindy do in the reading-room every evening?
3、對賓語提問：
Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening.
→ What does Cindy review in the reading-room every evening?
4、對定語提問：
Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening.
→ What lessons does Cindy review in the reading-room every evening?
5、對狀語提問：
Cindy reviews her English lessons in the reading-room every evening.
→ When does Cindy review her English lessons in the reading-room?
Where does Cindy review her English lessons every evening?
6、對錶語提問：
The teacher’s office is on the second floor. →Which is the teacher’s office?
7、對定語提問：
The teacher’s office is on the second floor. →Whose office is on the second floor?
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