學術論文中往往需要將自己的工作與前人的工作進行對比。現將學術論文中表達比較、對比和舉例的句型彙總。先來看看對比和比較。主要有以下幾種類型。
一、比較和對比的表述句型大彙總
1.介紹異同
X is different from Y in a number of respects.
X在許多方面都與Y不同。
X differs from Y in a number of important ways.
X與Y在許多重要方面不同。
There are a number of important differences between X and Y.
X和Y之間存在許多重要差異。
Areas where significant differences have been found include X and Y.
已發現顯著差異的區域包括X和Y。
In contrast to earlier findings, however, no evidence of X was detected.
但是，與早期發現相反，沒有發現X的證據。
A descriptive case study differs from an exploratory study in that it uses …
描述性案例研究與探索性研究的不同之處在於，它使用了……
Jones (2013) found dramatic differences in the rate of decline of X between Y and Z.
瓊斯（2013）發現，Y和Z之間X下降的速率有顯著差異。
Women and men differ not only in physical attributes but also in the way in which they …
男女不僅在身體屬性上而且在方式上也有所不同…
The nervous systems of Xs are significantly different from those of Ys in several key respects.
Xs的神經系統在幾個關鍵方面與Ys的神經系統明顯不同。
（來來來，搞點活動，抹點天然防曬霜）
Smith
(2003)
found
observed
major
notable
distinct
only slight
significant
considerable
differences between X and Y.
2.介紹相似性
Both X and Y share a number of key features.
X和Y都具有許多關鍵功能。
There are a number of similarities between X and Y.
X和Y之間有許多相似之處。
The effects of X on human health are similar to those of Y.
對人類健康的影響與Y 相似。
Both X and Y generally take place in a ‘safe environment’.
X和Y通常都在“安全的環境”中發生。
These results are similar to those reported by (Smith et al. 1999).
這些結果與（Smith等，1999）報道的結果相似。
This definition is similar to that found in (Smith, 2001) who writes:
這個定義類似於在（Smith，2001）中發現的定義：
The return rate is similar to that of comparable studies (e.g. Smith et al. 1999).
回報率類似於可比研究的回報率（例如Smith等，1999）。
The approach used in this investigation is similar to that used by other researchers.
本研究中使用的方法與其他研究人員使用的方法相似。
Studies have compared Xs in humans and animals and found that they are essentially identical.
研究比較了人類和動物中的X，發現它們本質上是相同的。
（來說說這兩父子的異同）
The mode of processing used by the right brain
is similar to that
is comparable to that
is comparable in complexity to that
used by the left brain.
3.一句話內比較
Oral societies tend to be more concerned with the present
whereas while
literate societies have a very definite awareness of the past.
Whereas While
oral societies tend to be more concerned with the present,
literate societies have a very definite awareness of the past.
This interpretation
differs from that
contrasts with that
is different from that
of Smith and Jones (2004) who argue that ….
In contrast to oral communities,
it is very difficult to get away from calendar time in literate societies.
Compared with people in oral cultures,
people in literate cultures organise their lives around clocks and calendars.
4.一句話內比較：比較形式
In the trial, women made more/fewer errors than men.
在審判中，女性比男性犯更多/更少的錯誤。
Women tend to have
greater/less verbal fluency than men.女人的口語流利性往往比男人大/少。
Women are more/less likely than men to perform well in tests.
女人比男人更有可能在測試中表現良好。
Women are more/less accurate in tests of target-directed motor skills.
婦女在針對目標的運動技能測試中或多或少準確。
Women tend to perform better/worse than men on tests of perceptual speed.
在感知速度測試中，女性往往比男性表現更好/更差。
Women are faster/slower than men at certain precision manual tasks, such as …
在某些精密的手動任務上，女性比男性快/慢一些，例如……
Women are more/less likely to suffer from X when the front part of the brain is damaged.
比男性快/慢一些，例如…… 當大腦前部受損時，女性患X的可能性更大/更少。
The part of the brain connecting the two hemispheres may be more/less extensive in women.
女性的連接兩個半球的大腦部分可能更多/更少。
5.兩句之間的差異性
It is very difficult to get away from calendar time in literate societies.
By contrast,
In contrast,
On the other hand,
many people in oral communities have little idea of the calendar year of their birth.
6.兩句之間的相似性
Young children learning their first language need simplified input.
Similarly,
Likewise,
In the same way,
low level adult L2 learners need graded input supplied in most cases by a teacher.
二
二、論文舉例的句型彙總
SCI論文中舉例一般有三種情況。
- 舉例作為句子中的主要信息
A/An
well-known
notable
classic
useful
important
example of X is …..
For example, the word ‘doctor’ used to mean a ‘learned man’.
例如，“醫生”一詞曾經表示“博學的人”。
For example, Smith and Jones (2004) conducted a series of semi-structured interviews in …
例如，史密斯（Smith）和瓊斯（Jones）（2004）在……中進行了一系列半結構化訪談。
Young people begin smoking for a variety of reasons. They may, for example, be influenced by ….
年輕人出於各種原因開始吸菸。例如，它們可能受到…的影響。
This is exemplified in the work undertaken by …
這在……的工作中得到了證明
Another example of what is meant by X is …
X的另一個例子是……
This distinction is further exemplified in studies using …
在使用……的研究中，這一區別得到了進一步的例證。
An example of this is the study carried out by Smith (2004) in which …
一個例子是Smith（2004）進行的研究，其中……X的有效性
The effectiveness of the X technique has been exemplified in a report by Smith et al. (2010)
Smith 等人在一份報告中舉例說明了這種技術。（2010年）
This is evident in the case of …
這是在的情況下，很明顯......
This is certainly true in the case of …
這是千真萬確的......的情況下，
The evidence of X can be clearly seen in the case of …
X的證據可以清楚地看到在......的情況下，
In a similar case in America, Smith (1992) identified …
在美國，史密斯一個類似的案件（1992年）確定的......
This can be seen in the case of the two London physics laboratories which …
這可的情況下看到倫敦兩個物理實驗室中的……
X is a good illustration of …
X是…的很好例證
X illustrates this point clearly.
X清楚地說明了這一點。
This can be illustrated briefly by
…可以用…來簡單地說明這一點……
By way of illustration, Smith (2003) shows how the data for …
通過說明，Smith（2003）展示了…的數據如何。
These experiments illustrate that X and Y have distinct functions in …
這些實驗說明X和Y在…中具有不同的功能。
（看累了吧，坐一把搖搖車）
2.作為補充信息的例子
Young people begin smoking for a variety of reasons, such as pressure from peers or …
年輕人出於各種原因開始吸菸，例如來自同齡人的壓力或……
The prices of resources, such as copper, iron ore, and aluminium, have declined over …
諸如銅，鐵礦石和鋁等資源的價格下降了……
Pavlov found that if a stimulus, for example the ringing of a bell, preceded the food, the …
帕夫洛夫發現，如果採取刺激措施，例如敲響鐘聲，在進餐之前……
Many diseases can result at least in part from stress, including: arthritis, asthma, and migraine.
許多疾病至少可以部分由壓力引起，包括：關節炎，哮喘和偏頭痛。
Gassendi kept in close contact with many other scholars, such as Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and …
伽桑狄保持與其他許多學者近距離接觸，如開普勒，伽利略，笛卡爾，和...
3.案例作為支持
This case has shown that …
該案例表明…
This has been seen in the case of …
在……案例中可見一斑…
The case reported here illustrates the …
此處報道的案例說明…
Overall, these cases support the view that …
總體而言，這些案例支持以下觀點：…
This case study confirms the importance of …
本案例研究證實了…的重要性…
The evidence presented thus far supports the idea that …
迄今為止提供的證據支持…
This case demonstrates the need for better strategies for …
這一觀點。情況表明，需要更好的策略......
As this case very clearly demonstrates, it is important that …
由於這種情況非常清楚地表明，這是很重要的......
This case reveals the need for further investigation in patients with …
這起案件揭示了患者...進一步調查的必要性
This case demonstrates how X used innovative marketing strategies in …
這一案例證明了X如何用創新的營銷策略中......
Recent cases reported by Smith et al. (2013) also support the hypothesis that …
報道史密斯最近情況等人。（2013年）也支持以下假設：
In support of X, Y has been shown to induce Y in several cases (Smith et al., 2001).
在某些情況下，Y被證明可以誘導Y（支持X）（史密斯等人，2001）。
（樓梯也能玩出滑梯的質感）
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英語例句來源：曼切斯大學官網
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