学术论文中往往需要将自己的工作与前人的工作进行对比。现将学术论文中表达比较、对比和举例的句型汇总。先来看看对比和比较。主要有以下几种类型。
一、比较和对比的表述句型大汇总
1.介绍异同
X is different from Y in a number of respects.
X在许多方面都与Y不同。
X differs from Y in a number of important ways.
X与Y在许多重要方面不同。
There are a number of important differences between X and Y.
X和Y之间存在许多重要差异。
Areas where significant differences have been found include X and Y.
已发现显着差异的区域包括X和Y。
In contrast to earlier findings, however, no evidence of X was detected.
但是，与早期发现相反，没有发现X的证据。
A descriptive case study differs from an exploratory study in that it uses …
描述性案例研究与探索性研究的不同之处在于，它使用了……
Jones (2013) found dramatic differences in the rate of decline of X between Y and Z.
琼斯（2013）发现，Y和Z之间X下降的速率有显着差异。
Women and men differ not only in physical attributes but also in the way in which they …
男女不仅在身体属性上而且在方式上也有所不同…
The nervous systems of Xs are significantly different from those of Ys in several key respects.
Xs的神经系统在几个关键方面与Ys的神经系统明显不同。
（来来来，搞点活动，抹点天然防晒霜）
Smith
(2003)
found
observed
major
notable
distinct
only slight
significant
considerable
differences between X and Y.
2.介绍相似性
Both X and Y share a number of key features.
X和Y都具有许多关键功能。
There are a number of similarities between X and Y.
X和Y之间有许多相似之处。
The effects of X on human health are similar to those of Y.
对人类健康的影响与Y 相似。
Both X and Y generally take place in a ‘safe environment’.
X和Y通常都在“安全的环境”中发生。
These results are similar to those reported by (Smith et al. 1999).
这些结果与（Smith等，1999）报道的结果相似。
This definition is similar to that found in (Smith, 2001) who writes:
这个定义类似于在（Smith，2001）中发现的定义：
The return rate is similar to that of comparable studies (e.g. Smith et al. 1999).
回报率类似于可比研究的回报率（例如Smith等，1999）。
The approach used in this investigation is similar to that used by other researchers.
本研究中使用的方法与其他研究人员使用的方法相似。
Studies have compared Xs in humans and animals and found that they are essentially identical.
研究比较了人类和动物中的X，发现它们本质上是相同的。
（来说说这两父子的异同）
The mode of processing used by the right brain
is similar to that
is comparable to that
is comparable in complexity to that
used by the left brain.
3.一句话内比较
Oral societies tend to be more concerned with the present
whereas while
literate societies have a very definite awareness of the past.
Whereas While
oral societies tend to be more concerned with the present,
literate societies have a very definite awareness of the past.
This interpretation
differs from that
contrasts with that
is different from that
of Smith and Jones (2004) who argue that ….
In contrast to oral communities,
it is very difficult to get away from calendar time in literate societies.
Compared with people in oral cultures,
people in literate cultures organise their lives around clocks and calendars.
4.一句话内比较：比较形式
In the trial, women made more/fewer errors than men.
在审判中，女性比男性犯更多/更少的错误。
Women tend to have
greater/less verbal fluency than men.女人的口语流利性往往比男人大/少。
Women are more/less likely than men to perform well in tests.
女人比男人更有可能在测试中表现良好。
Women are more/less accurate in tests of target-directed motor skills.
妇女在针对目标的运动技能测试中或多或少准确。
Women tend to perform better/worse than men on tests of perceptual speed.
在感知速度测试中，女性往往比男性表现更好/更差。
Women are faster/slower than men at certain precision manual tasks, such as …
在某些精密的手动任务上，女性比男性快/慢一些，例如……
Women are more/less likely to suffer from X when the front part of the brain is damaged.
比男性快/慢一些，例如…… 当大脑前部受损时，女性患X的可能性更大/更少。
The part of the brain connecting the two hemispheres may be more/less extensive in women.
女性的连接两个半球的大脑部分可能更多/更少。
5.两句之间的差异性
It is very difficult to get away from calendar time in literate societies.
By contrast,
In contrast,
On the other hand,
many people in oral communities have little idea of the calendar year of their birth.
6.两句之间的相似性
Young children learning their first language need simplified input.
Similarly,
Likewise,
In the same way,
low level adult L2 learners need graded input supplied in most cases by a teacher.
二
二、论文举例的句型汇总
SCI论文中举例一般有三种情况。
- 举例作为句子中的主要信息
A/An
well-known
notable
classic
useful
important
example of X is …..
For example, the word ‘doctor’ used to mean a ‘learned man’.
例如，“医生”一词曾经表示“博学的人”。
For example, Smith and Jones (2004) conducted a series of semi-structured interviews in …
例如，史密斯（Smith）和琼斯（Jones）（2004）在……中进行了一系列半结构化访谈。
Young people begin smoking for a variety of reasons. They may, for example, be influenced by ….
年轻人出于各种原因开始吸烟。例如，它们可能受到…的影响。
This is exemplified in the work undertaken by …
这在……的工作中得到了证明
Another example of what is meant by X is …
X的另一个例子是……
This distinction is further exemplified in studies using …
在使用……的研究中，这一区别得到了进一步的例证。
An example of this is the study carried out by Smith (2004) in which …
一个例子是Smith（2004）进行的研究，其中……X的有效性
The effectiveness of the X technique has been exemplified in a report by Smith et al. (2010)
Smith 等人在一份报告中举例说明了这种技术。（2010年）
This is evident in the case of …
这是在的情况下，很明显......
This is certainly true in the case of …
这是千真万确的......的情况下，
The evidence of X can be clearly seen in the case of …
X的证据可以清楚地看到在......的情况下，
In a similar case in America, Smith (1992) identified …
在美国，史密斯一个类似的案件（1992年）确定的......
This can be seen in the case of the two London physics laboratories which …
这可的情况下看到伦敦两个物理实验室中的……
X is a good illustration of …
X是…的很好例证
X illustrates this point clearly.
X清楚地说明了这一点。
This can be illustrated briefly by
…可以用…来简单地说明这一点……
By way of illustration, Smith (2003) shows how the data for …
通过说明，Smith（2003）展示了…的数据如何。
These experiments illustrate that X and Y have distinct functions in …
这些实验说明X和Y在…中具有不同的功能。
（看累了吧，坐一把摇摇车）
2.作为补充信息的例子
Young people begin smoking for a variety of reasons, such as pressure from peers or …
年轻人出于各种原因开始吸烟，例如来自同龄人的压力或……
The prices of resources, such as copper, iron ore, and aluminium, have declined over …
诸如铜，铁矿石和铝等资源的价格下降了……
Pavlov found that if a stimulus, for example the ringing of a bell, preceded the food, the …
帕夫洛夫发现，如果采取刺激措施，例如敲响钟声，在进餐之前……
Many diseases can result at least in part from stress, including: arthritis, asthma, and migraine.
许多疾病至少可以部分由压力引起，包括：关节炎，哮喘和偏头痛。
Gassendi kept in close contact with many other scholars, such as Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and …
伽桑狄保持与其他许多学者近距离接触，如开普勒，伽利略，笛卡尔，和...
3.案例作为支持
This case has shown that …
该案例表明…
This has been seen in the case of …
在……案例中可见一斑…
The case reported here illustrates the …
此处报道的案例说明…
Overall, these cases support the view that …
总体而言，这些案例支持以下观点：…
This case study confirms the importance of …
本案例研究证实了…的重要性…
The evidence presented thus far supports the idea that …
迄今为止提供的证据支持…
This case demonstrates the need for better strategies for …
这一观点。情况表明，需要更好的策略......
As this case very clearly demonstrates, it is important that …
由于这种情况非常清楚地表明，这是很重要的......
This case reveals the need for further investigation in patients with …
这起案件揭示了患者...进一步调查的必要性
This case demonstrates how X used innovative marketing strategies in …
这一案例证明了X如何用创新的营销策略中......
Recent cases reported by Smith et al. (2013) also support the hypothesis that …
报道史密斯最近情况等人。（2013年）也支持以下假设：
In support of X, Y has been shown to induce Y in several cases (Smith et al., 2001).
在某些情况下，Y被证明可以诱导Y（支持X）（史密斯等人，2001）。
（楼梯也能玩出滑梯的质感）
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英语例句来源：曼切斯大学官网
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