Drone Applications for Landscape Architecture
由專築網孫佳，小R編譯
無人駕駛飛行器（UAV或無人機）有很多為景觀設計服務的功能，早期能為一個已完成的項目進行現場分析，以達到為項目創造知名度和新穎性的目的。雖然半專業性的無人機現在很容易買到，並且價格便宜，但是要想創造優質的產品還是需要投入大量的時間。
景觀設計師需要為他們的項目評估完成無人機直接操作的資源需求，或者考慮僱傭專業的無人機操作人員。然而無論是哪種方式，瞭解無人機的安全要求和相關規定都很重要。
業餘愛好者的規則與商業上的規則不同，所以在實踐中使用無人機之前理解這些差異至關重要。聯邦航空局則要求做到（1）規則的學習；（2）通過遠程飛行員考試（第107部分，無人機駕駛證書）和（3）向聯邦航空局註冊無人機。
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV’s or drones) have multiple applications for landscape architects, from early efforts like site analysis to creating awareness and excitement for a completed project. Although semi-professional drones are now readily available and inexpensive, there can be a heavy investment of time needed to create a quality product.
Landscape Architects will need to evaluate the resources necessary to perform drone operations directly or consider hiring professional drone pilots for their projects. Either way it’s important to understand safety requirements and regulations related to flying drones on a project site.
Rules for hobbyist differ from those operating commercially, and it’s critical to understand these differences before implementing drone use in your practice. Per FAA requirements this includes (1) Learning the Rules, (2) Pass the Remote Pilot Exam (Part 107, certified drone pilot) and (3) Registering your Drone with the FAA.
Image: Studio DPA
現場分析
線上航空測繪程序（如Google Earth）是一個很好的工具，能夠幫助景觀設計師和設計師們瞭解場地及其周圍的環境。但是，這些程序存在一定的限制性，像是過時的圖像和照片的質量，這些圖像往往與現實存在著區別，並且缺乏細節。
無人機攝影可以大大提升照片的質量，並且還可以提供現狀環境的資料。通過額外的服務和軟件，景觀設計師還可以為早期場地規劃展示航拍地圖。
2017年，DPA工作室對亞利桑那州鳳凰城一塊25英畝的土地進行了視覺評估。該場地以前是一片柑橘農場和棕櫚樹苗圃，現場有許多的構築物，包括複雜的平房、灌溉渠和農業設備。
開發者和項目組有興趣記錄這些現有的功能，用以更好的激發設計主題，包括重複使用現場發現的許多材料。一架無人機能夠捕捉場地的空中鏡頭，然後與地面鏡頭相結合，製作成4分鐘的彙總視頻。
施工進度
在施工過程中，使用高分辨率的航拍可以為設計組提供場地的最新進展。景觀設計師可以針對設計計劃核實設計方案，或是在施工的早期階段識別潛在的問題。
我們注意到總承包商和測量員越來越依賴無人機為場地提供的測量服務。景觀設計師採用類似的測繪技術的潛力也很驚人。
雖然無人機不能取代現場審核的技術和經驗，但是通過測繪完整的景觀場地來核實工程量和場地佈局的能力還是很有開發潛力，這可以有效地解決一項很費力的工作。
Site Analysis
Online aerial mapping programs (like Google Earth) are an excellent tool to help landscape architects and designers understand larger sites and their surrounding context. However, there are limits to these programs including outdated imagery and photo quality that is often inconsistent and lacking detail.
Drone photography can significantly increase image quality while also providing current documentation of existing conditions. With additional customization and software, the landscape architect can also prepare scalable aerial maps used for early site planning and exhibits.
In 2017, Studio DPA conducted a visual assessment of a 25-acre site in Phoenix, Arizona. The property was previously a citrus farm and palm tree nursery with a number of structures on the site including a ranch house complex, irrigation canals, and agricultural equipment.
The developer and project team were interested in documenting these existing features to help further inspire the design theme, including reuse of many materials found onsite. A drone was used to capture aerial footage of the property then combined with ground level shots to make a 4-minute video summarizing the results.
Construction Progress
Access to high resolution aerial imagery captured during construction can provide the design team the latest conditions on a site. The landscape architect can verify installation against the proposed design or identify potential conflicts early in construction.
We’ve noted general contractors and surveyors are increasingly relying on drones to provide mapping services for a property. The potential for landscape architects to employ similar mapping techniques is compelling.
Although UAV technology can’t replace the skill and experience of an in-person site review, the ability to map a completed landscape installation to verify quantities and layout is promising. This can be an efficient solution to an otherwise laborious task.
Image: Studio DPA
項目認知
也許無人機在景觀領域最引人注目的功能是為項目帶來新認知和刺激。這可以從項目的早期階段開始，並在完成後持續進行。現在無人機可以測繪到整個場地的範圍，這與之前費時費力的方法完全不同。高分辨率的圖像通過網絡的連接可以詳細地顯示開放空間、小徑、集會空間等區域。
DPA工作室最近完成了一個項目視頻，突出展示了亞利桑那州鳳凰城Navarro Groves總體規劃社區的景觀改進。視頻突出展示了入口紀念碑、庭院、綠化帶、小徑、集會區、火山坑和一些新植物。這是前面展示的同一項目，演示了無人機在項目生命週期中的各種用途。
Project Awareness
Perhaps the most compelling use of drones in landscape architecture is bringing awareness and excitement to a project, as well as the profession. This can begin in the early stages of a project and continue well after completion. The full scope of site improvements can now be captured in a manner that was difficult or costly prior to drones. High resolution imagery can show in detail a connected network of open space, trails, gathering spaces and other site improvements.
Studio DPA recently completed a project video highlighting the landscape architectural improvements at the Navarro Groves master planned community in Phoenix, AZ. The video features the entry monument, ramadas, green belts, trails, gathering areas, a fire pit, and new planting. This is the same project highlighted earlier and demonstrates the full range of drone use in the life cycle of a project.
Image: Studio DPA
無人機圖像有能按比例和環境測繪的能力，這對土地項目開發有更深遠的影響。無人機的鳥瞰效果似乎很適合用於“分析、規劃、設計、管理、建造建築和自然環境”等職業。所有這些都可以幫助設計團隊和利益相關者更直觀地瞭解景觀設計師的貢獻。
建議和資源
- 審查並瞭解聯邦航空局對商用無人機操作的要求；
- 您需要聯邦航空局規定的第107部分的許可才能使用商業無人機；
- 請考慮人身傷害和財產損失的責任保險；
- 先學習無人機飛行技術，然後再專注於航拍技巧。YouTube是關於這兩方面教程的最大資源；
- 我們使用大疆精靈和Mavic無人機，但市場上還是有許多製造商同樣值得考慮；
- 圖像和測繪是無人機的最大用途，但視頻可以提供更加動態的觀看體驗，可以通過Adobe Premiere Pro，After Effects或Final Cut Pro等軟件來學習視頻編輯技能；
- 查看YouTube頁面，瞭解更多無人機在專業上的使用方法。
UAV imagery has the ability to capture in scale and context the meaningful impacts we have on land development projects. The drones birds-eye perspective seems like a natural fit for a profession that seeks to “analyze, plan, design, manage, and nurture the built and natural environments”. All of which can help the design team and stake holders visualize a more holistic view of our contributions as landscape architects.
Recommendations and Resources
- Review and understand FAA requirements for commercial drone operations.
- You need a Part 107 license from the FAA to fly a drone commercially.
- To protect your landscape architecture practice, consider liability insurance covering bodily injury and property damage.
- Learn the mechanics of flying your drone first, then focus on your aerial photography skills. YouTube is a great resource for tutorials on both topics.
- We utilize DJI Phantom and Mavic drones, but there are a number of manufacturers in the market worth considering.
- Photography and mapping are great uses for a drone but video can provide a more dynamic viewing experience. Learn video editing skills with programs like Adobe Premiere Pro, After Effects, or Final Cut Pro.
- Check out our YouTube Page for more examples of how drones can be used in the profession.
Image: Studio DPA
閱讀更多 建築IDEA 的文章
