關於Java Map,你應該掌握哪8個問題?

關於Java Map,你應該掌握哪8個問題?

前言

最近幾天看了幾篇有關於Java Map的外國博文,寫得非常不錯,所以整理了Java map 應該掌握的8個問題,都是日常開發司空見慣的問題,希望對大家有幫助;如果有不正確的地方,歡迎提出,萬分感謝哈~

本章節所有代碼demo已上傳github

1、如何把一個Map轉化為List

日常開發中,我們經常遇到這種場景,把一個Map轉化為List。map轉List有以下三種轉化方式:

  • 把map的鍵key轉化為list
  • 把map的值value轉化為list
  • 把map的鍵值key-value轉化為list

偽代碼如下:

// key listList keyList = new ArrayList(map.keySet());// value listList valueList = new ArrayList(map.values());// key-value listList entryList = new ArrayList(map.entrySet());

示例代碼:

public class Test {    public static void main(String[] args) {        Map 
map = new HashMap<>(); map.put(2, "jay"); map.put(1, "whx"); map.put(3, "huaxiao"); //把一個map的鍵轉化為list List keyList = new ArrayList<>(map.keySet()); System.out.println(keyList); //把map的值轉化為list List valueList = new ArrayList<>(map.values()); System.out.println(valueList); 把map的鍵值轉化為list List entryList = new ArrayList(map.entrySet()); System.out.println(entryList); }}

運行結果:

[1, 2, 3][whx, jay, huaxiao][1=whx, 2=jay, 3=huaxiao]

2、如何遍歷一個Map

我們經常需要遍歷一個map,可以有以下兩種方式實現:

通過entrySet+for實現遍歷

for(Entry entry: map.entrySet()) {  // get key  K key = entry.getKey();  // get value  V value = entry.getValue();}

實例代碼:

public class EntryMapTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        Map map = new HashMap<>();        map.put(2, "jay");        map.put(1, "whx");        map.put(3, "huaxiao");        for(Map.Entry entry: map.entrySet()) {            // get key            Integer key = (Integer) entry.getKey();            // get value            String value = (String) entry.getValue();            System.out.println("key:"+key+",value:"+value);        }    }}

通過Iterator+while實現遍歷

Iterator itr = map.entrySet().iterator();while(itr.hasNext()) {  Entry entry = itr.next();  // get key  K key = entry.getKey();  // get value  V value = entry.getValue();}

實例代碼:

public class IteratorMapTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        Map map = new HashMap<>();        map.put(2, "jay");        map.put(1, "whx");        map.put(3, "huaxiao");        Iterator itr = map.entrySet().iterator();        while(itr.hasNext()) {            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) itr.next();            // get key            Integer key = (Integer) entry.getKey();            // get value            String value = (String) entry.getValue();            System.out.println("key:"+key+",value:"+value);        }    }}

運行結果:

key:1,value:whxkey:2,value:jaykey:3,value:huaxiao

3、如何根據Map的keys進行排序

對Map的keys進行排序,在日常開發很常見,主要有以下兩種方式實現。

把Map.Entry放進list,再用Comparator對list進行排序

List list = new ArrayList(map.entrySet());Collections.sort(list, (Entry e1, Entry e2)-> {    return e1.getKey().compareTo(e2.getKey());});

實例代碼:

public class SortKeysMapTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        Map map = new HashMap<>();        map.put("2010", "jay");        map.put("1999", "whx");        map.put("3010", "huaxiao");        List> list = new ArrayList<>(map.entrySet());        Collections.sort(list, (Map.Entry e1, Map.Entry e2)-> {                return e1.getKey().toString().compareTo(e2.getKey().toString());        });        for (Map.Entry entry : list) {            System.out.println("key:" + entry.getKey() + ",value:" + entry.getValue());        }    }}

使用SortedMap+TreeMap+Comparator實現

SortedMap sortedMap = new TreeMap(new Comparator() {  @Override  public int compare(K k1, K k2) {    return k1.compareTo(k2);  }});sortedMap.putAll(map);

實例代碼:

public class SortKeys2MapTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        Map map = new HashMap<>();        map.put("2010", "jay");        map.put("1999", "whx");        map.put("3010", "huaxiao");        SortedMap sortedMap = new TreeMap(new Comparator() {            @Override            public int compare(String k1, String k2) {                return k1.compareTo(k2);            }        });        sortedMap.putAll(map);        Iterator itr = sortedMap.entrySet().iterator();        while(itr.hasNext()) {            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) itr.next();            // get key            String key = (String) entry.getKey();            // get value            String value = (String) entry.getValue();            System.out.println("key:"+key+",value:"+value);        }    }}

運行結果:

key:1999,value:whxkey:2010,value:jaykey:3010,value:huaxiao

4、如何對Map的values進行排序

List list = new ArrayList(map.entrySet());Collections.sort(list, (Entry e1, Entry e2) ->{    return e1.getValue().compareTo(e2.getValue());  });

實例代碼:

public class SortValuesMapTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        Map map = new HashMap<>();        map.put("2010", "jay");        map.put("1999", "whx");        map.put("3010", "huaxiao");        List >list = new ArrayList<>(map.entrySet());        Collections.sort(list, (Map.Entry e1, Map.Entry e2)-> {                return e1.getValue().toString().compareTo(e2.getValue().toString());            }        );        for (Map.Entry entry : list) {            System.out.println("key:" + entry.getKey() + ",value:" + entry.getValue());        }    }}

運行結果:

key:3010,value:huaxiaokey:2010,value:jaykey:1999,value:whx

5、如何初始化一個靜態/不可變的Map

初始化一個靜態不可變的map,單單static final+static代碼還是不行的,如下:

public class Test1 {    private static final Map map;    static {        map = new HashMap();        map.put(1, "one");        map.put(2, "two");    }    public static void main(String[] args) {        map.put(3, "three");        Iterator itr = map.entrySet().iterator();        while(itr.hasNext()) {            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) itr.next();            // get key            Integer key = (Integer) entry.getKey();            // get value            String value = (String) entry.getValue();            System.out.println("key:"+key+",value:"+value);        }    }}

這裡面,map繼續添加元素(3,"three"),發現是OK的,運行結果如下:

key:1,value:onekey:2,value:twokey:3,value:three

真正實現一個靜態不可變的map,需要Collections.unmodifiableMap,代碼如下:

public class Test2 {    private static final Map map;    static {        Map aMap = new HashMap<>();        aMap.put(1, "one");        aMap.put(2, "two");        map = Collections.unmodifiableMap(aMap);    }    public static void main(String[] args) {        map.put(3, "3");        Iterator itr = map.entrySet().iterator();        while(itr.hasNext()) {            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) itr.next();            // get key            Integer key = (Integer) entry.getKey();            // get value            String value = (String) entry.getValue();            System.out.println("key:"+key+",value:"+value);        }    }複製代碼

運行結果如下:


關於Java Map,你應該掌握哪8個問題?

可以發現,繼續往map添加元素是會報錯的,實現真正不可變的map。

6、HashMap, TreeMap, and Hashtable,ConcurrentHashMap的區別

HashMap TreeMap Hashtable ConcurrentHashMap 有序性 否 是 否 否 null k-v 是-是 否-是 否-否 否-否 線性安全 否 否 是 是 時間複雜度 O(1) O(log n) O(1) O(log n) 底層結構 數組+鏈表 紅黑樹 數組+鏈表 紅黑樹

7、如何創建一個空map

如果map是不可變的,可以這樣創建:

Map map=Collections.emptyMap();orMap map=Collections.emptyMap();//map1.put("1", "1"); 運行出錯

如果你希望你的空map可以添加元素的,可以這樣創建

Map map = new HashMap();

8、有關於map的複製

有關於hashmap的複製,在日常開發中,使用也比較多。主要有=,clone,putAll,但是他們都是淺複製,使用的時候注意啦,可以看一下以下例子:

例子一,使用=複製一個map:

public class CopyMapAssignTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        Map userMap = new HashMap<>();        userMap.put(1, new User("jay", 26));        userMap.put(2, new User("fany", 25));        //Shallow clone        Map clonedMap = userMap;        //Same as userMap        System.out.println(clonedMap);        System.out.println("\\nChanges reflect in both maps \\n");        //Change a value is clonedMap        clonedMap.get(1).setName("test");        //Verify content of both maps        System.out.println(userMap);        System.out.println(clonedMap);    }}

運行結果:

{1=User{name='jay', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}Changes reflect in both maps {1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}{1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}

從運行結果看出,對cloneMap修改,兩個map都改變了,所以=是淺複製。

例子二,使用hashmap的clone複製:

public class CopyCloneMapTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        HashMap userMap = new HashMap<>();        userMap.put(1, new User("jay", 26));        userMap.put(2, new User("fany", 25));        //Shallow clone        HashMap clonedMap = (HashMap) userMap.clone();        //Same as userMap        System.out.println(clonedMap);        System.out.println("\\nChanges reflect in both maps \\n");        //Change a value is clonedMap        clonedMap.get(1).setName("test");        //Verify content of both maps        System.out.println(userMap);        System.out.println(clonedMap);    }}

運行結果:

{1=User{name='jay', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}Changes reflect in both maps {1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}{1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}

從運行結果看出,對cloneMap修改,兩個map都改變了,所以hashmap的clone也是淺複製。

例子三,通過putAll操作

public class CopyPutAllMapTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        HashMap userMap = new HashMap<>();        userMap.put(1, new User("jay", 26));        userMap.put(2, new User("fany", 25));        //Shallow clone        HashMap clonedMap = new HashMap<>();        clonedMap.putAll(userMap);        //Same as userMap        System.out.println(clonedMap);        System.out.println("\\nChanges reflect in both maps \\n");        //Change a value is clonedMap        clonedMap.get(1).setName("test");        //Verify content of both maps        System.out.println(userMap);        System.out.println(clonedMap);    }}

運行結果:

{1=User{name='jay', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}Changes reflect in both maps {1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}{1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}

從運行結果看出,對cloneMap修改,兩個map都改變了,所以putAll還是淺複製。

那麼,如何實現深度複製呢?

可以使用序列化實現,如下為谷歌Gson序列化HashMap,實現深度複製的例子:

public class CopyDeepMapTest {    public static void main(String[] args) {        HashMap userMap = new HashMap<>();        userMap.put(1, new User("jay", 26));        userMap.put(2, new User("fany", 25));        //Shallow clone        Gson gson = new Gson();        String jsonString = gson.toJson(userMap);        Type type = new TypeToken>(){}.getType();        HashMap clonedMap = gson.fromJson(jsonString, type);        //Same as userMap        System.out.println(clonedMap);        System.out.println("\\nChanges DO NOT reflect in other map \\n");        //Change a value is clonedMap        clonedMap.get(1).setName("test");        //Verify content of both maps        System.out.println(userMap);        System.out.println(clonedMap);    }}

運行結果:

{1=User{name='jay', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}Changes DO NOT reflect in other map {1=User{name='jay', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}{1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}

從運行結果看出,對cloneMap修改,userMap沒有被改變,所以是深度複製。

作者:Jay_huaxiao
鏈接:https://juejin.im/post/5e36f832e51d454d523beb70


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