Why has the U.S. government never apologized for Hiroshima andNagasaki?
為什麼美國政府從來沒有為廣島和長崎道歉?
評論翻譯：
Charles Fletcher, Alwaysinterested in and studied the war.
TheJapanese people deserve an apology, but not from the US. They deserve anapology from their leaders that led them into that ill conceived, unnecessarywar that was waged barbarically by the empire of Japan and continued wellbeyond the point where it was militarily hopeless for the Japanese.
The use of the atomic weapons ended it in days for a fraction of the casualtiesof any other means to end it.
When the US took Okinawa earlier in 1945, the death toll was:
日本人民應該得到道歉，但這個歉意不該美國道。他們應該得到他們的領導人的道歉，正是他們導致他們人民陷入了日本帝國野蠻發動的一場構想拙劣、毫無必要的戰爭，這場戰爭遠遠超出了日本在軍事上毫無希望的程度。
原子武器的使用在幾天內就結束了它，而這對其他任何終止它的手段所造成的傷亡相比都只是很小的一部分。
1945年早些時候，當美國佔領沖繩時，死亡人數是:
1. 12 500 Us dead
2. 95, 000japanese military dead
3.95,000japanese civilian dead
Many of thecivilians commi tted suicide. In a number of cases, paren ts killed theirchildren and then themselves. Why? They were ordered to by the Japanese Army.
1.12500人死亡
2.95000日本軍人死亡
3.95000日本平民死亡
許多平民自殺身亡。在一些案例中，父母殺死了他們的孩子，然後殺死了他們自己。為什麼？日本軍隊命令他們。
Estimated cost in US lives to invade Japan was 250,000 killed. Using the ratioof Jap anese killed to US killed on Okinawa as a yardstick you get 1, 900,000japanese military deaths and roughly the same number of civilian deaths.
I'd argue that Japanese casu al ties would have been far higher than that.
據估計，入侵日本造成25萬人死亡。用日本人在沖繩的死亡人數與美國人的死亡人數之比作為衡量標準，你會得到日本軍隊的死亡人數是90萬，而平民的死亡人數大致相同。
我想說的是，日本的亡人數要遠遠高於此。
Those who argue that Japan was defeated before the atom bombs wereused ignore the whole history of the Pad fc war. The Japanese were defeated many times in that war but they never surrendered, they fought to the death and would commit suicide before allowing themselves to becaptured. To understand this, you need to understand Japanese culture of the tme. lo the Jap anese, to surrender is a disgrace not onlyto the individual who surrendered but al so to his entire family induding his ancestors who arerevered.
那些認為日本在原子彈使用前就被“打敗＂的人忽略了太平洋戰爭的整個歷史。日本人在那場戰爭中多次戰敗，但他們從未投降，他們戰鬥到死，在被俘虜之前會自殺。要理解這一點，你需要了解日本當時的文化。對日本人來說，投降不僅是一個人的恥辱，也是他的整個家庭的恥辱，包括他受人尊敬的祖先。
To the Japanese, allied soldiers, sailors and airmen who were captures werelowlife scum undeserving of being kept alive. The Japanese were mystified thatallied prisoners expected to be treated well and absolutely could notunderstand it when they actually wanted their families to be notified of theircapture. Imagine, wanting your family to know that you had disgraced them.Unthinkable.
So what did the allies demand of Japan? Surrender, unconditional surrender.They would rather die.
在日本人看來，被俘虜的盟軍士兵、水手和飛行員都是卑鄙的人渣，不應該被活捉。日本人對盟軍囚犯期望得到很好的待遇感到困惑，當他們實際上想讓家人知道他們被捕的消息時，他們完全無法理解這一點。想象一下，你想讓你的家人知道你讓他們丟臉了。這不可想象。
那麼同盟國對日本的要求是什麼呢?無條件投降,投降。他們寧願死。
It also helps to understand Japan's war aims. They seized a great deal ofterritory in the Pacific, China and South East Asia. Except for the Central andSouth Central Pacific they still held most of it at the end of the war. Theiraim was never to conquer the US, it was a Pacific/Asian empire. Their aim wastoinflict enough casualties on the allies such that we'd simply not be willingto pay the price to take it from them. That aim was still plausible in 1945until atomic bombs convinced them that Japan could and would be annihilatedwith few losses on the part of the US. Then they surrendered.
這也有助於理解日本的戰爭目的。他們佔領了太平洋、中國和東南亞的大片領土。除了中環和中南太平洋，他們在戰爭結束時仍然控制著大部分。他們的目標從來不是征服美國，而是一個太平洋/亞洲帝國。他們的目的是給盟國造成足夠的傷亡，以至於我們根本不願意付出代價從他們手中奪走。1945年，這一目標仍有可能實現，直到原子彈讓他們相信，日本能夠、也將在美國幾乎沒有損失的情況下被消滅。
然後他們投降了。
There was at least one other op tion, starve Japan into submission. Given what Wrote above, how many deaths would it have taken for that tactic to work? Noreal answer to that one except"a huge number "andyou can bet theg overnment and mili tary would be the last ones to go hungry.
So no, no apology from the US is needed for using the atomic weap ons and ending that war.
至少還有一個選擇，那就是讓日本屈服。考慮到我上面所寫的，這個策略要用多少人的生命才能奏效？對這個問題沒有真正的答案，除了＂一個巨大的數字＂，你可以打賭政府和軍隊將是最後一個捱餓的人。
所以，美國不需要為使用核武器和結束戰爭道歉。
Kelly La Rue, I'm an American
Apologizing would be tantamount to apologizing to your mugger.
It surprises me how often this question is asked. As a result Ihave a stock answer I post when answering so Idont have to start every answer from scratch. Some of this answer may not fit per fectly within
the con text ofthis par ticular permu ta tion of the question but a complete reading will answerthe question, I have borrowed exten sively from Andrewwarner: How is the bombing of Hiroshimaand Nag asaki differen from what Hitler did to the Jews? Why did the Germanstake moral resp onsib ility for what happened withthe Jews but the Americans didnot?
道歉就等於向你的搶劫犯道歉
我很驚訝這個問題經常被問到。因此，在回答問題時，我有一個固定的答案，這樣我就不必從頭開始回答每個問題。
有些答案可能並不完全適合這個問題，但完整的閱讀將回答並理解這個問題，我已經廣泛地從《安德魯華納對廣島和長崎的轟炸與希特勒對猶太人所做有何不同？為什麼德國人要為發生在猶太人身上的事情承擔道德責任，而美國人卻沒有？》借鑑了答案。
I find the assump tons behind the question, naive, in sensitive, and insulting. We spent our treasure, sacrificed over 100, 000 of our citi zens lives, an otherqu ar ter of a million were maimed, and countless families back home weredisrupted putting this outlaw nation, a brutal, savage, barbaric monster knownas Japan back in its cage along with its fanatical, sadistic army. Thisab err ation was respon sible for more than fifteen million innocent civiliandeaths on a scale equ aled only by Nazi Germany Japan ag gressively invaded itsp eaceful neighbors with out declar ations of war murdering and raping along theway and weare criticzed for finally drop ping two atomic bombs on it in aneffort to bring this unjust and unnecessary war to an end. a war we neitherstar ted nor wan ted?
我發現問題背後的假設是天真，麻木不仁和侮辱。我們花光了我們的財富，犧牲了超過10萬公民的生命，又有25萬人受傷致殘，無數家庭在國內遭到破壞，把這個野蠻的國家一日本一連同它狂熱、殘暴的軍隊一起送回了籠子裡。這種失常造成了1500多萬無辜平民的死亡，其規模僅次於納粹德國。
日本在沒有宣戰的情況下侵略和平的鄰國，一路上強姦到底。然而我們卻被批評最終向它投下兩顆原子彈，試圖結束這場不公正的，不必要的戰爭，一場我們既沒有開始也不想要的戰爭？
The bombs were dropped for only one reason, to save Americanlives.
How many lives were saved is an unknown dependent entirely upon when theJapanese surrendered. While Truman wouldn't have been concerned about savingJapanese lives estimates run as high as 4,000,000 saved. The Japanese estimateis 10,000,000 of their citizens would be killed in an invasion. Estimates ofAllied lives saved run as high as 1,000,000. Howthe Atomic Bomb Saved 4,000,000 Lives - Hiroshima Saved Lives - Why Drop an Atomic Bomb? To Save Lives!
投放炸彈的唯一原因是為了拯救美國人的生命。
日本人投降時，多少人的生命被挽救了，這是完全不知道的。雖然杜魯門並不關心拯救日本人的生命，但估計拯救了400萬人。日本估計有1000萬日本公民將在入侵中喪生。盟軍挽救的生命估計高達100萬人。
Strategic bombing was not a war crime under the Hague Conventions in forceat the time. Mass killing of civilian populations under military occupation wasa defined war crime.
All the combatants of World War II considered banning strategic bombing inDecember 1922 and February 1923 in an update of the Hague Conventions but nostate approved of the proposed measures. The Geneva Disarmament Conference of1932 entertained proposals for banning bombing by aircraft but no measure wasapproved.
While we may consider wholesale bombingof civilian centers a war crime (and itis, thanks to Protocol I of the Geneva Convention adopted in 1977), there wasno international consensus to ban strategic bombing before or during World WarII.
根據當時生效的海牙公約，戰略轟炸不是戰爭罪。在軍事佔領下大量殺害平民則是一種明確的戰爭罪行。
1922年12月和1923年2月，在更新海牙公約問題上，二戰中的所有戰鬥人員都考慮禁止戰略轟炸，但沒有一個國家批准這個提議。1932年的日內瓦裁軍會議考慮了禁止飛機轟炸的建議，但沒有通過任何措施。
雖然我們可能認為大規模轟炸平民中心是一種戰爭罪(而且，由於1977年通過的《日內瓦公約》第一項議定書，這是一種戰爭罪)，但在第二次世界大戰之前或期間禁止戰略轟炸沒有國際共識。
Nagasaki and Hirohima were bombed for tactical reasons.
長崎和廣島因戰術原因遭到轟炸。
The Japanese farmed out their war production to cottage factories scatteredthroughout cities so that the only way to damage production was to carpet bombthese cities.
日本人把他們的戰爭生產外包分散在城市各處的小工廠，這樣破壞生產的唯一方法就是對這些城市進行地毯式轟炸。
A city is bombed for tactical purposes: communications are to be destroyed,railroads wrecked, ammunition plants demolished, factories razed, all for thepurposes of impeding the military. In those operations, it inevitably happensthat non-military persons are killed. This is an incident, a grave incident tobe sure, but an unavoidable corollary of battle action. The civilians are notindividualized. The bomb falls, it is aimed at the railroad yards and housesalong the tracks are hit and many of their occupants killed. But that isentirely different, both in fact and in law, from an armed force marching up tothose same railway tracks, entering those houses abutting thereon, dragging outthe men, women, and children and shooting them.
城市被轟炸是為了戰術目的:通訊被摧毀，鐵路被摧毀，彈藥廠被摧毀，工廠被夷為平地，所有這些都是為了阻礙軍隊。
這是一個事件，當然是一個嚴重的事件，但這是戰鬥行動不可避免的必然結果。平民不是個體化的。炸彈落下來，瞄準的是鐵路院落和鐵軌沿線的房屋，許多居民被炸死。但無論在事實上還是在法律上說，跟武裝部隊走向同樣的鐵軌，進入毗鄰的房屋，把男人、女人和孩子拖出來，朝他們開槍，是完全不同的。
We warned and urged the citizens of each Japanese city, induding Hiroshimaand Nagasaki, to evacuate berore each bombing
In additon, in keeping with our policy of warning Jap anese civilians of ap ossible bombing and urgingthem to evacuate, we dropped leaflets over Nag asakiof a possible atomic bomb ing Jap anese sol diers would punish civilians who read these warning leaflets.
Leaflets dropped on cities in Jap an warning civilians about the atomic omb, dropped c. August 6, 1945:
TO THEJAPANESE PEOPLE：
我們警告並敦促包括廣島和長崎在內的每個日本城市的公民在每次轟炸前撤離
此外，按照我們的政策，警告日本平民可能發生爆炸，並敦促他們撤離，我們在長崎投下了可自能發生原子彈炸的傳單。日本士兵會懲閱讀這些告傳單的平民。
1945年8月6日，向日本城市投放的告市民原子彈的傳單
致日本人民：
America asks that you take immediate heed of what we say on this leaflet.
We are in possession of the most destructive explosive ever devised by man.A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent inexplosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s can carry on a single mission.This awful fact is one for you to ponder and we solemnly assure you it isgrimly accurate.
美國要求你們立即注意我們在這張傳單上所說的話。我們擁有人類發明的最具破壞性的炸藥。我們新研製的一枚原子彈的爆炸威力相當於2000枚巨型b -29轟炸機執行一次任務的威力。這個可怕的事實值得你深思，我們莊嚴地向你保證，它是可怕的準確。
We have just begun to use this weapon against your homeland. If you still haveany doubt, make inquiry as to what happened to Hiroshima when just one atomicbomb fell on that city.
我們剛剛開始用這個武器對付你們的祖國。如果你還有任何疑問，那就去調查一下廣島，當時廣島只有一顆原子彈。
A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalentin explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s could have carried on asingle mission. Radio Tokyo has told you that with the first use of this weaponof total destruction, Hiroshima was virtually destroyed.
我們新研製的一枚原子彈的爆炸威力相當於2000枚巨型b -29轟炸機執行一次任務的威力。東京廣播電臺告訴你，第一次使用這種全面摧毀的武器，廣島實際上被摧毀了。
Before we use this bomb again and again to destroy every resource of themilitary by which they are prolonging this useless war, petition the emperornow to end the war. Our president has outlined for you the thirteenconsequences of an honorable surrender. We urge that you accept theseconsequences and begin the work of building a new, better, and peace-lovingJapan.
Act at once or we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our othersuperior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.
我們一而再，再而三地使用這枚炸彈來摧毀軍隊的每一種資源，只因他們毫無意義的延長這場無用的戰爭，現在請求皇帝結束這場戰爭。
我們的總統向你們概述了光榮投降的十三個後果。我們敦促你們接受這些後果，開始建設一個新的、更好的、熱愛和平的日本的工作。
立即行動，否則我們將堅決使用這枚炸彈和我們所有其他高級武器，以便迅速和有力地結束戰爭。
The reason Hiroshima was chosen was because it was an important army depot anda port of embarkation but there were other reasons: Hiroshima waschosen as the primary target since it had remained largely untouched by bombingraids, and the bomb's effects could be clearly measured. While President Trumanhad hoped for a purely military target, some advisers believed that bombing anurban area might break the fighting will of the Japanese people. Hiroshimawas a major port and a military headquarters, and therefore a strategic target.Also, visual bombing, rather than radar, would be used so that photographs ofthe damage could be taken. Since Hiroshima had not been seriously harmed bybombing raids, these photographs could present a fairly clear picture of thebomb's damage. The Story of Hiroshima Thismay sound cold blooded but then military decisions are often cold blooded.
選擇廣島的原因是它是一個重要的陸軍基地和一個登船港，但還有其他原因:
廣島之所以被選為主要目標，是因為它基本上沒有受到轟炸襲擊的影響，丙炔炸彈的影響可以清楚地估量出來。雖然杜魯門總統曾希望尋求一個純粹的軍事目標，但一些顧問認為，轟炸城市地區也可能會破壞日本人民的戰鬥意志。
廣島是一個主要港口和軍事總部，因此是一個戰略目標。此外，使用視覺轟炸而不是雷達，以便拍攝損壞的照片。
鑑於之前廣島沒有受到轟炸襲擊的嚴重損害，所以這些照片可以相當清楚地顯示原子彈的損害情況。——《廣島故事》。這聽起來可能是冷血動物，但軍事決策往往就是冷血動物。
Nagasaki also had industry. The bomb detonated over the industrial center. Thecity of Nagasaki had been one of the largest sea ports in southern Japan andwas of great war-time importance because of its many and varied industries,including the production of ordnance, ships, military equipment, and other warmaterials. The narrow long strip attacked was of particular importance becauseof its industries. The Atomic Bombings ofHiroshima and Nagasaki
長崎也有工業。炸彈在工業中心上空爆炸。長崎曾經是日本南部最大的海港城市之一，由於其眾多的工業而在戰時具有重要意義，包括軍械、船舶、軍事裝備和其他戰爭物資的生產。這條狹長的狹長地帶因其工業而受到特別重視。——《廣島長崎原子彈轟炸》
Kelly La Rue
SacrificingAmerican lives to save the lives of our enemy would never fly with the publicand is extremely poor military strategy. Truman would have had to been crazy topass up an attempt to end the war and reduce the slaughter of our soldiers.Wasting our resources and extending the length of time we are at war isirresponsible and inviting a disaster, perhaps even an unexpected defeat.
Besidesending the war early saved Japanese lives.
In thecase of Japan we were engaged in a war we neither started nor wanted with aninsanely fanatical and brutal enemy.
Irecognize these arguments are unconvincing to you but will carry a lot ofweight with the soldiers who might have died or been crippled unnecessarily andto the families of these men back home.
To use themugging example if you actually get your mugger down on the ground you do notstep back and let him up in order to keep the fight fair.
I've beenthe intended victim of a mugger and got out intact but if I had to injure him Iwouldn't not have hesitated rather than risk being hurt myself or worse.
After allhe started it, I simply finished it.
Inaddition the bombs did not kill millions of Japanese. The fatalities numberedin the hundreds of thousands which is about the same as our conventionalbombing raids.
Had weinvaded then millions of Japanese would have died.
Also wewere bombing military targets, the civilians were simply in the way, and wedropped leaflets encouraging the civilians to evacuate the cities.
犧牲美國人的生命來拯救我們的敵人的生命將永遠不會得到公眾的認同，這是非常糟糕的軍事戰略。如果杜魯門拒絕結束戰爭並減少對我們士兵的屠殺，那他一定是瘋了。浪費我們的資源，延長我們在戰爭中的時間，是不負責任的，會招致災難，甚至是出乎意料的失敗。
只能早點結束戰爭拯救了日本人的生命。
以日本為例，我們參與了一場戰爭，我們既沒有與一個瘋狂狂熱和殘暴的敵人開戰，也不想與之開戰。
我知道這些論點對你們來說是無法令人信服的，但對那些可能不必要地死亡或致殘的士兵以及這些士兵在國內的家人來說，這些論點具有重大意義。
舉個行兇搶劫的例子，如果你把行兇搶劫者推倒在地，你不能後退一步，讓他站起來，這樣才能公平地進行戰鬥。我是一個搶劫犯的目標受害者，而且毫髮無傷地逃了出來，但如果我不得不傷害他，我不會猶豫，寧願冒著傷害自己或更糟的風險。
畢竟他開始了，我只是結束。
Before we dropped the first bomb, we publicly warned them that they were facing"complete and utter destruction" if they didn't give up the war--awar that they knew they had already lost. They could have gotten the same terms(surrender, but keep the Emperor as a figurehead) before August 6, 1945 thatthey got afterwards.
在我們投下第一顆炸彈之前，我們公開警告他們，如果他們不放棄這場他們知道已經輸掉的戰爭，他們將面臨“徹底的毀滅”。 在1945年8月6日之前，他們可以得到和後來一樣的條件(投降，但天皇得剝奪權力)。
Anyone who says that Japan was already defeated and would have surrendered soonanyway needs to remember that even after Nagasaki, several Japanese officersattempted a coup against the Emperor that would have prevented the broadcast ofthe Imperial Rescript ordering Japanese soldiers to lay down their weapons.They were going to kidnap Hirohito--the only person in Japan with the authorityto end the war--and not let him issue the orders. And they very nearly pulledit off.
任何說日本已經被打敗並且很快就會投降的人都需要記住這一點，即使是在長崎之後，幾名日本軍官試圖發動一場反對天皇的政變，那樣的話，日本天皇下令日本士兵放下武器的命令就不會播出了。
他們打算綁架裕仁天皇——日本唯一有權結束戰爭的人——不讓他發佈命令。他們幾乎成功了。
It wasn't until after Hirohito saw photos of what had been done to Hiroshimathat he resolved to end the war on whatever terms Japan could get. If we hadbeen forced to invade the Home Islands to force him to give up, a lot moreJapanese would have died than those who perished in the two atomic attacks. Inhis autobiography, Harry Truman said he allowed the bomb to be dropped in orderto save lives, both American and Japanese. That was true 70 years ago and stillis today.
God forbid those weapons are ever used again.
直到裕仁看到廣島被毀的照片後，他才下定決心以日本能得到的任何條件結束戰爭。如果我們被迫入侵自己的島嶼迫使他放棄，那麼日本人的死亡人數將遠遠超過在兩次原子彈襲擊中喪生的人數。
哈里·杜魯門在自傳中說，他允許投放原子彈是為了拯救美國和日本的生命。70年前是這樣，現在也是這樣。上帝禁止那些武器再被使用。
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