純乾貨!英語的連讀、加音、爆破、同化、省音、弱讀、濁化、擊穿

1. 連讀:

兩個相鄰單詞首尾音素自然的拼讀在一起,中間不停頓,被稱為連讀。連讀只發生在同一意群之內,即意思聯繫緊密的短語或從句之內。

1)詞尾輔音+詞首元音,如:

Standˆup.

Notˆatˆall.

Putˆitˆon, please.

Please pickˆitˆup.

I'mˆanˆEnglish boy.

Itˆisˆanˆold book.

Let me haveˆa lookˆatˆit.

Ms Black worked inˆanˆoffice.

I called you halfˆanˆhourˆago.

2)詞尾不發音r或re+詞首元音,詞尾r發音/r/。如:

farˆaway

Hereˆis a letter for you.

Hereˆare fourˆeggs.

whereˆis my cup?

Whereˆare your brotherˆand sister?

They're my fatherˆand mother.

I looked forˆit hereˆand there.

Thereˆis a football underˆit.

Thereˆare some books on the desk.

注:當有意群進行停頓時不可連讀。如:

Isˆit a hat orˆa cat?(hat 與or 之間不可以連讀)

Thereˆisˆa good book in my desk. (book 與in 之間不可以連讀)

Can you speakˆEnglish or French? (English 與or 之間不可以連讀)

Shall we meet atˆeight or ten tomorrow morning? (meet 與 at,eight 與or 之間不可以連讀)

She opened the door and walkedˆin. (door 與and 之間不可以連讀)

2. 加音:

在連貫的語流中,人們往往會在兩個元音之間加入一個外加音幫助發音,從而更加流暢地表達意思。

1)詞尾元音/ʊ,u:/+詞首元音,在詞尾加上一個輕微的/w/。如:

Go w away.

How w and why did you come here?

The question is too

w easy for him to answer.

2)詞尾元音/ɪ,i:/+詞首元音,在詞尾加上一個輕微的/j/。如:

I j am Chinese.

She can't carry j it.

I j also need the j other one.

He j is very friendly to me.

She wants to study j English.

It'll take you three j hours to walk there.

3. 失去爆破與不完全爆破:

1)失去爆破:爆破音+爆破音

當兩個爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/相鄰時,前一個爆破音只按其發音部位做好發音口形、形成阻礙,而不爆破出來,稍微停頓後即發出後面的輔音。前一個爆破音被稱為失去爆破。失去爆破產生的原因大體上是由於

省力原則造成的。如:

Kept/Blackboard/Notebook/Goodbye/September/Suitcase

Big boy

Sharp pencil

What time

You must pay.

Ask Bob to sit behind me.

She took good care of the children.

2)不完全爆破:

A)爆破音+摩擦音

爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/與摩擦音/f,v,s,z,ʃ,ʒ,θ,ð,r,h/相鄰時,產生不完全爆破。發摩擦音時,發音器官並不形成阻礙而只形成一個很狹小的縫隙,讓氣流從縫隙中摩擦而出。如果一個爆破音與摩擦音相接,它爆破衝出的氣流只能從狹小的縫隙中通過,這種爆破是不完全的。失去爆破產生的原因大體上是由於省力原則造成的。如:

Advance/Success

A good view

Old friends

Just then

Get through

Make sure

Night show

Keep silence.

Keep that in mind.

B)爆破音+破擦音

爆破音與破擦音/tʃ,dʒ,tr,dr/相鄰時,產生不完全爆破。如:

Picture/Object

That child

Good job

Sweet dream

Great changes

A fast train

C)爆破音+鼻輔音

爆破音與鼻輔音/m,n,ŋ/相鄰時:在詞中,不完全爆破;在詞尾,鼻腔爆破。如:

Utmost/Admit/Midnight/Certain/Button/Garden

Good morning

Good night

Start now

I don’t know

Just moment

A good neighbor

D)爆破音+邊輔音

爆破音與邊輔音/l/相鄰時:在詞中,不完全爆破;在詞尾,舌側爆破。如:Lately/Badly/Mostly/Friendly

A bit louder

I’d like to

Straight line

Good luck

At last

At lunch

4. 同化:

人們在說話的時往往會不自覺地讓一個音受相鄰音的影響,使它們變得與其相同或相似;或者兩個音互相影響,變為第三個音。這兩種現象被稱為音的同化。同化可以發生在同一個詞、複合詞內或者句子相鄰詞之間。

1)因

聲帶的影響而發生的同化:

A)濁輔音可變為清輔音,如:of(v→f) course,his(z→s) pen,with(ð→θ) pleasure。

B)清輔音可變為濁輔音,如:like(k→g) that。

2)因發音部位的影響而發生的同化:

A)/t/+/j/→/tʃ/。如:

Don’t hurt yourself!

I’ll let you go this time.

Don’t you do that again.

It’s very nice to meet you.

B)/d/+/j/→/dʒ/。如:

Did your sister come?

Would you please come in?

Could you read this for me please?

You didn’t like English, di

d you?

C)/s/+/j/→/ʃ/。如:

I miss you.

May God bless you.

We will come this year.

D)/z/+/j/→/ʒ/。如:

Here’s your ticket.

I love you because you are you.

Don’t expect he tells you the truth.

5. 省音:

在快速、隨便的言語中,一些音素被省略掉,被稱為省音。省音能提高語速,使說話省力。在正式場合和語速慢的情況下,省音不是必須的。

1)同一單詞內元音的省略,主要是非重讀音節中的/ə/和/ɪ/,如:ord(i)n(a)ry。

2)當前一單詞以輔音結尾,後一單詞以/ə/開頭時,/ə/常被省略,如:walk (a)way。

3)當前一單詞以否定形式-n't結尾,後一單詞以輔音開頭時,/t/常被忽略,如:

She isn'(t) there.

I didn’(t) hear you.

He can’(t) believe that.

4)任何一個輔音,若後面緊跟著/h/,/h/可以不發音。如:

Come (h)ere!

Must (h)e /ti/ go?

What will (h)e /wili/do?

Has (h)e done it before?

Tell (h)im to ask (h)er…

5)將多個單詞利用連讀爆破等拼和在一起。如:

gotta(got to)

gonna(going to)

kinda(kind of)

lotsa(lots of)

gimme(give me)

6. 強讀式和弱讀式:

在一個句子,有些詞說得又輕又快,而且較為含糊,有些詞則說得又重又慢,而且較為清晰。那些說得響亮而清晰的詞就是句子重音所在。

實詞(包括名詞、實義動詞、形容詞、副詞、數詞疑問詞等)一般都接受句子重音,為重讀詞,採用強讀式虛詞(包括介詞、代詞、連詞、冠詞、助動詞、情態動詞等功能詞)一般都不接受句子重音,為非重讀詞,採用弱讀式

6.1 一般規律:

1)弱讀式只出現在句子的非重讀詞中。如:Pass me/mɪ/ the/ðə/ book. me、the弱讀。

2)單詞單獨出現或在句首或句尾時,都採用強讀式。如:What are you listening to/tu:/?

3)被特別強調的詞,無論實詞還是虛詞都採用強讀式。如:I am/æm/ Peter. 我就是皮特。

6.2 虛詞弱讀規律:

1)長音變短音,如:she/ʃi:/弱讀/ʃɪ/。

2)元音前面的輔音被省略,如:him/hɪm/弱讀/əm/。

3)輔音前面的元音被省略,如:am/æm/弱讀/m/。

4)元音一般弱讀為/ə/,如:can/kæn/弱讀/kən/。

5)部分虛詞有多種弱讀式,如:would/wʊd/弱讀/əd,d/。

7. 濁化:

1)/s/ 後面的清輔音要濁化。 如:

/k/濁化成/g/: scar/school/discussion

/t/濁化成/d/: stand/student/mistake

/p/濁化成/b/: spring/spirit/expression

2)美音中,當/t/出現在兩個元音之間並且處於非重讀位置的時候,/t/需要濁化成一個近似於/d/的音。這樣,writer聽起來和rider 的發音幾乎沒有區別。如:

Letter/water/better/duty/bitter/city

I got it.

Would you please pick it up?

注:/t/如果處於重讀位置的話,即使在兩個元音之間也不需要濁化

。請比較:

清晰的/t/ 濁化的/t/

I'talian 'Italy

a'tomic 'atom

La'tino 'Latin

pho'tographer 'photograph

3)美音中,當/t/前面是一個元音,後面是一個模糊的/l/,且處於非重讀位置,/t/也需要濁化成一個近似於/d/的音。如:

Battle/bottle/cattle/little/rattle/settle

4) 美音中,當/t/前面是一個清輔音或前鼻音/n/,後面是一個元音,且處於非重讀位置,/t/也需要濁化成一個近似於/d/的音。如:

Twenty/fifty/center/after/faster/actor/sister/yesterday

8. 擊穿

(1)/h/很弱,很容易被擊穿

with+him=with(h)im

with+her=with(h)er

(2)/t/和/d/在/n/後通常被擊穿

twenty--twen(t)y

internet--in(t)ernet

wanted--wan(t)ed

and+I=an(d) I

(3)/th/在/n/後有時也被擊穿

seen+that=seen (th)at

I've never seen that movie.

(4)with後如果有弱讀的元音音節,with有時會變成/wit/

with+our=wit(h)ar

with+it=wit(h)Di


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