一、國家簡介/
Country Profile1.歷史沿革/ Historical Evolution
16世紀前居民為印第安人，1536年淪為西班牙殖民地，1810年爆發了反對西班牙殖民統治的五月革命，1816年宣佈獨立。1853年建立聯邦共和國，1994年第四次修改後的憲法規定阿根廷為聯邦制國家。
The inhabitants were Indians before the 16th century, and it became a Spanish colony in 1536. The May Revolution against Spanish colonial rule broke out in 1810 and independence was declared in 1816. The Federal Republic was established in 1853, and the fourth revised constitution in 1994 established Argentina as a federal state.
2.人口分佈/ Population Distribution
截止2016年，人口總數為4385萬，白人和印歐混血種人佔97%，多屬意大利和西班牙後裔。旅居阿根廷的華人數量約12萬人，主要集中在首都和布宜諾斯艾利斯省、聖塔菲省、科爾多瓦省等地區。
As of 2016, the total population was 43.85 million, with white and Indo-European hybrids accounting for 97%, mostly of Italian and Hispanic descent. There are about 120,000 Chinese living in Argentina, mainly in the capital and in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and Cordoba.
3.氣候特徵/ Climatic Conditions
年平均氣溫北部21.6攝氏度，南部6.3攝氏度，首都17.7攝氏度。
The annual average temperature is 21.6 degrees Celsius in the north, 6.3 degrees Celsius in the south, and 17.7 degrees Celsius in the capital.
4.地理位置 / Geolocation
位於南美洲東南部、東瀕大西洋，南與南極洲隔海相望，西同智利接壤，北接玻利維亞、巴拉圭，東北部與巴西和烏拉圭為鄰。
It is located in southeastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the east, facing Antarctica in the south, bordering Chile in the west, Bolivia and Paraguay in the north, and Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast.
二、風俗人情/ Custom Life
1.交通環境/ Traffic Environment
阿根廷曾經有著密集的鐵路網，自1876年開始興建的鐵路網從首都宜諾斯艾里斯向西和北方向延伸，覆蓋阿根廷中部和北部14個省份，交通運輸十分便捷。
但在過去20多年來，由於國家政策調整和經濟動盪，阿根廷鐵路的大部分路段漸漸陷於荒廢，全線7409公里貨運路段，僅有1400公里勉強營運。很多企業被迫選擇運輸成本更高、運力遠不及鐵路的公路運輸。
阿根廷是拉美人均汽車保有率排名第二的國家，截止到15年，阿根廷的千人汽車保有量為314輛。
Argentina once had a dense railway network. The railway network constructed since 1876 extended west and north from the capital, Buenos Aires, covering 14 provinces in central and northern Argentina. The transportation is very convenient.
However, in the past 20 years or so, due to national policy adjustments and economic turmoil, most sections of the Argentine railway have gradually fallen into obsolescence. Only 7,400 kilometers of the 7,409-kilometre freight section of the entire line have barely operated. Many companies are forced to choose road transportation, which has higher transportation costs and far less capacity than railways.
Argentina ranks second in Latin America in terms of car ownership. As of 15 years, Argentina has 314 cars per thousand.
2.經濟環境/ Economic environment
阿根廷是南美洲國家聯盟、G20成員和拉美第三大經濟體。它有著一個相對於其它拉丁美洲國家的龐大中產階級。
Argentina is the Association of South American Nations, a member of the G20 and Latin America's third largest economy. It has a huge middle class relative to other Latin American countries.
1） 主要經濟指標/ Main economic indicators
GDP：5184.75億美元(2018)，排名世界第26位，是一個發展中國家。
GDP: US $ 518.475 billion (2018), ranking 26th in the world, is a developing country.
人均收入：2.06萬（2018）。
Per capita income: 20,600 (2018).
通貨膨脹率：24.8%（2017）。
Inflation rate: 24.8% (2017).
失業率：7.2%。
Unemployment rate: 7.2%.
2） 消費需求：購車在阿根廷人日常開支中佔有較大比重。同時，近年高通貨膨脹率和遠遠落後於貨幣貶值速度的薪酬增長，迫使阿根廷人在物價飛漲中勒緊荷包。很多人推遲了購買新車或更換舊車的計劃，而需要買車的人則更加註重車輛的價格。
Consumer demand: Car purchases account for a large proportion of Argentine daily expenses. At the same time, in recent years, high inflation and wage growth, which has lagged far behind the pace of currency depreciation, have forced Argentines to tighten their wallets in the face of soaring prices. Many people have postponed plans to buy new or replace old cars, while those who need to buy a car pay more attention to the price of the car.
3.風俗人情/ Local Customs——門多薩葡萄酒節
每年2、3月間，北半球尚處於嚴寒之際，在阿根廷則是葡萄的收穫季節。阿根廷每年2月22日至3月9日以省為單位隆重歡慶這一節日，以慶豐收和祈願來年好收成，形成了全國性的民族節日，尤以盛產葡萄的門多薩省舉辦的葡萄節在國內外影響最大。
門多薩葡萄酒節已有近73年的歷史，1938年起被定為全國性節日。活動期間最有特色的兩項活動是“阿根廷民族盛裝行進”和“葡萄節女王”花車遊行。
噹噹！噹噹！門多薩省省長敲響掛在大鐵環上象徵勞動的梨鋅，一年一度的葡萄酒節便宣告開始了。節日開始的前一段時間裡，全省17個行政區先從女中學生中預選出本區容貌俏麗、身段窈窕的女王作為候選人參加全省決賽。評選女王的活動引人注目，外表美麗並非取勝的唯一條件，還需要在文化修養和才學上獨佔鰲頭。因為每年選出的葡萄女王在一年的任期內，將經常代表省政府參加國家的重要禮賓活動。
In February and March of each year, the northern hemisphere is still in the cold, and in Argentina it is the grape harvest season. Argentina celebrates this festival from February 22 to March 9 in provinces every year. It celebrates a good harvest and wishes for a good harvest in the coming year, forming a national festival, especially held in the province of Mendoza, which is rich in grapes. The grape festival has the greatest influence at home and abroad.
The Mendoza Wine Festival has a history of nearly 73 years, and has been designated as a national festival since 1938. Two of the most distinctive events during the event were the "Argentine National Costume" and the "Grape Festival Queen" float parade.
Dangdang! Dangdang! The provincial governor of Mendoza rings the pear zinc, a symbol of labor hanging on a large iron ring, and the annual wine festival is announced. In the period before the festival began, the 17 districts of the province pre-selected the district's pretty and slender queen as a candidate from the female middle school students to participate in the provincial finals. The selection of the queen was noticeable. Beauty is not the only condition to win. It also needs to be the first in culture and talent. Because the grape queen elected every year will often represent the provincial government to participate in important national concierge activities during the one-year term.
三、信息視野/ Information View
1.產業發展/ Industrial Development
阿根廷的汽車工業在拉美地區比較發達，汽車工業起步較早。1920年建立第一家汽車裝配廠，1952年建立第一家汽車生產廠，1959年開始批量生產汽車。進入90年代以來，汽車製造業迅速發展：1994年年產曾高達40萬輛。
The automobile industry in Argentina is relatively developed in Latin America, and the automobile industry started earlier. The first automobile assembly plant was established in 1920, the first automobile production plant was established in 1952, and mass production of automobiles began in 1959. Since the 1990s, the automobile manufacturing industry has developed rapidly: in 1994, the annual output was as high as 400,000.
2.行業狀況/ Industry Status
□汽車工業是阿根廷及其鄰國巴西的支柱產業，也是雙邊貿易的大宗商品，歷來是雙方貿易戰的焦點之一。
The automobile industry is a pillar industry of Argentina and its neighboring Brazil, and is also a commodity of bilateral trade.
□阿根廷汽車生產除部分內銷外大量出口，主要是南共市，特別是巴西市場，而汽車零部件則由巴西大量進口。
Argentina ’s auto production is exported in large quantities except for some domestic sales, mainly in the Mercosur, especially in the Brazilian market, while auto parts are imported in large quantities by Brazil.
□摩托車是阿根廷汽車製造業的最大部門，佔該行業總產量的44.3％。汽車市場佔整個行業的36.2％。
Motorcycles are the largest sector in Argentina's automobile manufacturing industry, accounting for 44.3% of the industry's total output. The automotive market accounts for 36.2% of the entire industry.
□從2016年起，大批中國汽車企業開始進駐阿根廷。截至目前，當地市場上已有奇瑞、吉利、力帆、福田、東風、長城、華晨等11箇中國自主品牌汽車在售，總量約佔當地汽車市場份額的2%。據一項網絡調查，44%的受訪者表示願意購買中國品牌汽車。
Since 2016, a large number of Chinese auto companies have begun to settle in Argentina. As of now, 11 Chinese self-owned brands such as Chery, Geely, Lifan, Foton, Dongfeng, Great Wall and Brilliance are on sale in the local market, accounting for about 2% of the local auto market. According to an online survey, 44% of respondents said they would buy Chinese brand cars.
□18年國內市場進口的汽車為802000輛，19年保持接近的數字。
In the 18 years, the number of imported cars in the domestic market was 802,000, which remained close to the figure in 19 years.
3.市場思考——阿根廷汽車行業之困/Market thinking-the plight of Argentina's auto industry.
根據阿根廷汽車製造協會（ADEFA）發佈的數據顯示，至2015年4月，阿根廷的汽車產量已經連續20個月同比下降；自2014年以來，阿根廷的汽車銷量在月均5萬輛的水平徘徊，而2015年更是呈下降趨勢。
According to data released by the Argentine Automobile Manufacturers Association (ADEFA), as of April 2015, Argentina ’s car production has declined for 20 consecutive months year-on-year; since 2014, Argentina ’s car sales have hovered at an average of 50,000 vehicles per month. In 2015, there was a downward trend.
●國內政策環境之困：取消汽車消費稅減免政策/ Difficulties in the domestic policy environment: cancellation of auto consumption tax relief policy.
汽車消費稅減免政策的取消是將阿根廷汽車行業推進困境的直接誘因。進入2014年，免稅政策的取消導致購車費用大漲，大幅度地削減消費者購車的積極性，銷量自此一蹶不振。
The cancellation of the automobile consumption tax deduction policy is a direct incentive for the Argentine automobile industry to advance into difficulties. In 2014, the cancellation of the tax exemption policy led to a substantial increase in car purchase costs, which drastically reduced the enthusiasm of consumers for car purchases, and sales have since been flat.
●國際政策環境之困：“南共市”貿易政策影響/ Difficulties in the International Policy Environment: Trade Policy Impacts.
整個南美洲，主要分為”太平洋聯盟”和”南方共同市場”兩個大的經濟組織。南共體主要尋求對成員國的經濟進行保護，汽車行業對外統一實行33%的關稅。這與太平洋聯盟意在捍衛自由貿易的立場不同，所以兩者難以進行合作，也造成阿根廷的汽車產業難以向鄰近的非“南共市”國家市場發展。
除此以外，”南共市”雖然與埃及，以色列，巴勒斯坦等國簽訂了自由貿易協定，但這些協議當中的政治成分遠比經濟成分顯得重要，與阿根廷的汽車行業並沒有太大關聯。
The entire South America is mainly divided into two large economic organizations, the "Pacific Union" and the "Southern Common Market". SADC mainly seeks to protect the economies of member countries, and the automotive industry uniformly implements 33% tariffs. This is different from the position of the Pacific Alliance in defending free trade, so it is difficult for the two to cooperate, and it has also made it difficult for Argentina's automotive industry to develop into neighboring non-MERCOSUR countries.
In addition, although the "SADC" has signed free trade agreements with Egypt, Israel, Palestine and other countries, the political component of these agreements is far more important than the economic component, and it is not much related to the automotive industry in Argentina.
●出口市場之困：主要出口國巴西市場需求下降/ Difficulties in the export market: demand in Brazil, a major exporter, declines.
目前，阿根廷生產的汽車大約有50%出口至巴西，但隨著巴西經濟下滑，汽車供過於求，連帶導致阿根廷汽車出口下滑。
“如果巴西得以復甦，那麼阿根廷汽車行業產能也將會恢復。”奧蘭多•費若思諮詢公司的專家如是說。
At present, about 50% of the cars produced in Argentina are exported to Brazil. However, as the Brazilian economy declines and there is an oversupply of cars, Argentina's auto exports have also declined.
"If Brazil recovers, so will the capacity of the Argentine automotive industry," said an expert from Orlando Ferros Consulting.
●國內經濟之困：債務危機與通貨膨脹/ Domestic economic woes: debt crisis and inflation.
目前，阿根廷政府頻發的債務危機以及國內超過20%的通貨膨脹率，都顯示阿根廷的經濟正處於下坡路。而且阿根廷由於和多家對沖基金之間存在債務糾紛，無法從國際資本市場吸納資金，新資金的缺乏使得阿根廷的汽車行業無法獲得走出困境所需要的“能量”。
At present, the frequent debt crisis of the Argentine government and the domestic inflation rate of more than 20% indicate that Argentina's economy is on the decline. Moreover, due to debt disputes between Argentina and many hedge funds, it was unable to absorb funds from the international capital market. The lack of new funds prevented Argentina's auto industry from obtaining the "energy" needed to get out of the predicament.
