外國風俗 韓國 /【Foreign Style】 S. Korea

一、國家簡介/

Country Profile

1.歷史沿革/ Historical Evolution


外國風俗 韓國 /【Foreign Style】 S. Korea

韓國國名源於古時朝鮮半島南部的部落聯盟“三韓”(辰韓、馬韓、弁韓),在中國東漢、三國時代,三韓的政權即被中原稱為“韓國”。

此後朝鮮半島的許多政權雖然不以“韓”為國號,但仍以“韓”或“三韓”作為其別稱而沿襲下來。1919年成立大韓民國臨時政府,1948年起朝鮮半島南部的國名被定為“大韓民國”,簡稱韓國。

The name of the country of South Korea originated from the tribal alliance (Chenhan, Mahan, and Bianhan) of the southern Korean peninsula in ancient times. During the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, the regime of the Three Koreas was called "South Korea" by the Central Plains.

Since then, many regimes on the Korean peninsula have inherited the name "Korean" or "Three Koreas", although they do not use the name "Korean". The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established in 1919. Since 1948, the name of the country on the southern Korean Peninsula has been designated as the "Republic of Korea", referred to as South Korea.

2.人口分佈/ Population Distribution

截至2019年1月,韓國總人口約5100萬,主要民族為韓民族,屬黃色人種東亞類型,佔全國總人口的96.25%。

As of January 2019, the total population of South Korea is about 51 million, and the main ethnic group is the Korean. It belongs to the East Asian type of yellow race, accounting for 96.25% of the total population.

3.氣候特徵/ Climatic Conditions

韓國四季分明,春、秋兩季較短;夏季炎熱、潮溼;冬季寒冷、乾燥,時而下雪。

韓國各地區之間溫差較大,平均溫度為6℃至16℃。在全年最熱的8月份,平均溫度為19℃至27℃。而在全年最冷的1月份,平均溫度則在零下7℃至8℃。

Korea has four distinct seasons, with shorter spring and autumn seasons; hot and humid summers; cold and dry winters, and sometimes snow.

The temperature difference between various regions in South Korea is large, with an average temperature of 6 ° C to 16 ° C. In the hottest August of the year, the average temperature is 19 ° C to 27 ° C. In the coldest January of the year, the average temperature is between minus 7 ° C and 8 ° C.

4.地形特徵

韓國地形以山地為主,上下坡路段常見,高速路上隧道較多,其中部分隧道甚至長達十餘公里。在城市道路中,車道相對較窄,小岔路口較多,不熟悉道路情況容易南轅北轍。

The terrain in South Korea is dominated by mountainous terrain, which is common on up and down slopes, and there are many tunnels on highways, some of which are more than ten kilometers long. In urban roads, the lanes are relatively narrow, and there are many small forks. It is easy to be confused if you are unfamiliar with the road.

二、風俗人情/ Custom Life

1.交通環境/ Traffic Environment

至2011年底汽車保有量1813萬輛。家庭平均每戶擁有0.91輛,其中,轎車最多,佔76.2%,其後依次為貨車(17.7%)、小型客貨兩用車(5.8%)。

By the end of 2011, there were 18.13 million vehicles. The average household owns 0.91 vehicles, of which, the largest number is cars ,accounting for 76.2%, followed by trucks (17.7%), small passenger and freight cars (5.8%).

2.經濟環境/ Economic environment

1)經濟數據/ Economic Indicators


外國風俗 韓國 /【Foreign Style】 S. Korea

國內生產總值(2017年):1.5萬億美元。

GDP (2017): $ 1.5 trillion.

人均國民收入(2017年):2.92萬美元。

Per capita national income (2017): $ 29,200.

經濟增長率(2017年):3.1%。

Economic growth rate (2017): 3.1%.

2)消費特點

▪韓國人的整體消費水平較高,最熱銷的乘用車,分別是雅尊,領動,索納塔,索蘭託。

The overall consumption level of Koreans is relatively high. The most popular passenger cars are: Yazun, Leader, Sonata, Sorento.

▪韓國人對互聯網汽車的熱情不高。

Korean passion for Internet car is not very high.

▪韓國消費者對SUV的熱情不高。由於韓國道路基礎設施已經非常完善,除非是喜歡去山地自駕遊的人,SUV在韓國很少有用武之地。

Korean consumers are not enthusiastic about SUVs. Because South Korea's road infrastructure is very complete, SUVs are rarely useful in South Korea, except for people who like to travel by themselves in the mountains.

3.風俗人情/ Local Customs

1)法規要求/Regulatory Requirements

近來,韓國發布《未來汽車產業發展戰略》,對包括無人駕駛、電動汽車、氫動力電池汽車在內的未來汽車產業發展方向作出規劃。其中,韓國力求2027年實現無人駕駛商用化。

Recently, South Korea released the "Development Strategy for the Future Automotive Industry" to plan the future development direction of the automotive industry including driverless, electric vehicles, and hydrogen-powered battery vehicles. Among them, South Korea strives to achieve commercialization of driverless cars by 2027.

2)民族節日/ National Festival

受中華文化的影響,中國的四大傳統節日,即春節、元宵節、端午節、中秋節也隨著漢文化很早就傳到了朝鮮半島、日本和越南等地。因此韓國的傳統節日與中國大體相同。

Affected by Chinese culture, the four traditional Chinese festivals, Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, and the Mid-Autumn Festival also spread to the Korean Peninsula, Japan and Vietnam with the Han culture very early. Therefore, Korean traditional festivals are almost the same as China.

1)辭舊迎新的春節/ Spring Festival

韓國人從新羅時代就開始過春節了,在韓國,它是僅次於中秋節的第二大節日。韓國人過年時家家戶戶都要準備很多糯米打糕,分贈鄰居和親友。從這種習俗中產生了"吃打糕過年"的說法。據說米糕含有誠心、愛心和孝心之意,象徵新的一年團圓美好。

Koreans have had the Spring Festival since the Silla era. In South Korea, it is the second largest festival after the Mid-autumn Festival. Koreans prepare a lot of glutinous rice cakes for New Year's Eve and give them to neighbors, relatives and friends. From this custom, the term "eating for New Year" was born. It is said that rice cake contains sincerity, love and filial piety, which symbolizes a happy new year.

2)寄託期望的元夕節/ Lantern Festival   

韓國人將正月十五稱為元夕節或上元節,也有人稱元宵節,但並沒有吃元宵的習慣。正月十五是新年伊始迎來的第一個月圓日,像中國人一樣,韓國人過節是祈求一年的豐裕和平安。

Koreans refer to the fifteenth day of the first month as the Lantern Festival or Shangyuan Festival, but they do not have the habit of eating the Lantern Festival. The fifteenth day of the first month is the first month of the new year. Like the Chinese, the Koreans celebrate the abundance and peace of the year.

3)美輪美奐的端午節/Dragon Boat Festival


外國風俗 韓國 /【Foreign Style】 S. Korea

端午節又俗稱端陽節,是插秧結束後祈求豐年的日子。東亞各國過端午的習俗略有不同,韓國是男人摔跤,女人用菖浦葉洗頭,盪鞦韆,還會吃用艾葉做的像車輪一樣的車輪餅--艾糕。因此,韓國又將端午節稱為車輪節。

The Dragon Boat Festival, also commonly known as the Duanyang Festival, is a day of praying for a good year after the transplanting. The customs of the Dragon Boat Festival in East Asian countries are slightly different. In South Korea, men wrestle, women wash their hair with Xupu leaves, swing on swings, and eat wheel cakes like mug cakes made of mugwort. Therefore, Korea also calls the Dragon Boat Festival as Wheel Festival.

4)闔家團圓的中秋節/Mid-Autumn Festival

中秋節不單單是華人的節日,也是韓國、日本的傳統節日。韓國人又稱中秋節為"秋夕"或"感恩節"。"每逢佳節倍思親",韓國秉承了漢字文化圈的傳統,中秋節成為一年中最重要的節日。韓國人極重孝道,中秋節子女能否回家拜見雙親長輩,是衡量子女孝順與否的重要尺度。因而在韓國,中秋這一天不論身在何處,即使再忙也都要趕回去,與家人團聚。

The Mid-Autumn Festival is not only a Chinese festival, but also a traditional festival in Korea and Japan. Koreans also call Mid-Autumn Festival "Autumn Eve" or "Thanksgiving". " Alone as a guest on foreign soil,twice homesick am I on every festival. ", Korea has inherited the tradition of the Chinese character culture circle, and the Mid-Autumn Festival has become the most important festival of the year. Koreans place great emphasis on filial piety. Whether or not their children can return home to meet their parents' elders is an important measure of their filial piety. Therefore, in Korea, no matter where you are on the Mid-Autumn Festival, you have to rush back to reunite with your family even if you are busy.

三、信息視野/ Information View

1.產業發展/ Industrial Development

韓國最早從事汽車生產的公司是起亞汽車公司,始建於1944年。1962年,韓國對外資採用 SKD(即大總裝直接引進組裝)的形式,開始了民族汽車發展之路。不久,為了提高本國的零部件國產化率及汽車產業的經濟規模,韓國政府將SKD方式轉化為 CKD獨立生產方式。

The earliest Korean company engaged in automobile production was Kia Motors, which was founded in 1944. In 1962, South Korea adopted the form of SKD (that is, direct assembly and introduction of large assemblies) for foreign investment, and began the development of national automobiles. Soon, in order to improve the localization rate of components and the economic scale of the automotive industry, the Korean government converted the SKD method to the CKD independent production method.

70年代後,韓國政府實行“汽車國產化”政策,這個政策使韓國的汽車工業獲得了飛速發展。進入80年代,汽車產量開始快速增長,並形成現代,起亞,大宇,雙龍四大汽車鼎足的國內市場格局,汽車總產量僅低於日本,為亞洲地區地區第二大汽車生產國。

After the 1970s, the Korean government implemented a "automobile localization" policy, which has led to rapid development of the Korean auto industry. In the 1980s, automobile production began to grow rapidly and formed the domestic market structure of Hyundai, Kia, Daewoo, and Ssangyong. The total automobile production was only lower than Japan, making it the second largest automobile producer in Asia.

伴隨著汽車產量的快速增長,韓國汽車出口也進入快速增長時期,到1995年,韓國汽車出口已達到110萬輛,出口量在全球排名為第六位。至此,韓國汽車業完成了從無到有的資本積累,並初步確立起現代汽車工業生產體系和麵向全球的營銷網絡。

With the rapid growth of automobile production, South Korean automobile exports have also entered a period of rapid growth. By 1995, South Korean automobile exports had reached 1.1 million units, and the export volume ranked sixth in the world. At this point, the Korean automobile industry has completed capital accumulation from scratch, and has initially established a modern automobile industry production system and a global marketing network.

2.行業狀況/ Industry Status


外國風俗 韓國 /【Foreign Style】 S. Korea


外國風俗 韓國 /【Foreign Style】 S. Korea

●韓國汽車工業產品結構主要為乘用車,2013年韓國汽車工業乘用車產量412萬輛,商用車產量39萬輛。

The product structure of the South Korean automobile industry is mainly passenger cars. In 2013, South Korean automobile industry produced 4.12 million passenger cars and 390,000 commercial vehicles.

●韓國的汽車產業是其經濟支柱。從14年起韓國大力發展新能源汽車,純電動汽車的補貼金額非常高。


外國風俗 韓國 /【Foreign Style】 S. Korea

South Korea's auto industry is the backbone of its economy. Since 14 years, South Korea has vigorously developed new energy vehicles, and the amount of subsidies for pure electric vehicles is very high.

●韓國的動力電池產業仰仗歐美市場的需求,韓國電池工業在2018年制定過一個電芯的Roadmap。


外國風俗 韓國 /【Foreign Style】 S. Korea

South Korea ’s power battery industry relies on the needs of the European and American markets. The South Korean battery industry formulated a roadmap of battery cells in 2018.

●身為韓國五大財團之一,韓國現代集團的銷售額曾佔到韓國整個國民收入的16%,出口額佔到出口總量的12%。

As one of the top five consortia in Korea, the sales of Hyundai Group accounted for 16% of the country's total national income, and exports accounted for 12% of total exports.

3.市場思考——為什麼韓國汽車工業起步晚卻趕超中國?/Market Thinking

和中國相比,韓國是汽車強國,雖然汽車工業不比中國早,但早就跑在了我們前面。韓國汽車品牌作為汽車行業中的後起之秀,能夠為中國車企帶來許多啟發。

Compared with China, South Korea is an automobile powerhouse. Although the automobile industry is not earlier than China, it has already ran ahead of us. As a rising star in the automotive industry, Korean car brands can bring a lot of inspiration to Chinese car companies.

●走自主創新發展道路,創立民族汽車品牌/ Take the road of independent innovation and development,establish a national automobile brand.

韓國汽車工業初期也是通過組裝技術的引進,之後韓國進行戰略規劃,要求每個公司選定一個車型開發完全國產化的汽車,也就是汽車國產化政策。同時各汽車企業不遺餘力地培育自主創新能力,比較成功的就是現代汽車公司,其主導產品為轎車和商用車。擁有民族品牌汽車是一個國家汽車工業發展的標誌,無論是美國還是德國、法國、意大利這些老牌汽車工業強國都擁有自己的民族品牌。韓國政府領悟到CKD方式只是一座橋樑,引進歐美技術後要儘快消化,及時改進並不斷創新,再以獨具特色的產品打回歐美市場,這種模仿著的自主創新之路和日本很相似。

The Korean automobile industry also adopted the introduction of assembly technology in the early days. Later, South Korea carried out strategic planning, requiring each company to select a model to develop a completely domestically produced car, which is also a car localization policy. At the same time, auto companies spare no effort to cultivate independent innovation capabilities. The most successful ones are Hyundai Motor Company, whose leading products are cars and commercial vehicles. Owning a national brand car is a sign of the development of a country's auto industry. Whether it is the United States or Germany, France, Italy and other old auto industry powers have their own national brands. The Korean government realizes that the CKD method is just a bridge. After introducing European and American technology, it must be digested as soon as possible, and it must be improved and innovated in time. Then it will return to the European and American markets with unique products. This imitative independent innovation road is similar to Japan.

●政府力量的多方面支持/ Multifaceted support from government forces.

在韓國汽車工業發展過程中,政府對本國市場和企業給予多方面保護,鼓勵本國出口,使本國企業免受與國外企業競爭壓力。但這並不代表韓國汽車的質量就要差一些,相反,政府向汽車科研開發項目提供大量資金,每年投資金額約佔其總投資額的12%,狠抓汽車業產品質量,著力改善產品形象。在政府的支持下,韓國汽車業逐漸擺脫以出口廉價小型轎車為主的做法,開始致力於價格較高的中、大型轎車和休閒型轎車的出口,現在韓國汽車質量和品牌形象已得到顯著改善。

During the development of the Korean automobile industry, the government has provided various protections to domestic markets and enterprises, encouraged domestic exports, and protected domestic enterprises from the pressure of competition with foreign enterprises. However, this does not mean that the quality of Korean cars will be worse. On the contrary, the government provides a large amount of funds for automotive scientific research and development projects, and the annual investment amount accounts for about 12% of its total investment. . With the support of the government, the Korean automobile industry gradually got rid of the practice of exporting low-cost small cars, and began to focus on the export of higher-priced medium and large cars and leisure cars. Now the quality and brand image of South Korean cars have improved significantly.

●藉助營銷手段融入全球化/ Integrating globalization with marketing.

韓國汽車得以持續發展也離不開對營銷手段和宣傳廣告的重視。現代汽車集團在美、歐、日本都建立了開發研究中心,單在日本,現代汽車就在東京、大阪等40個大城市開設了專賣店,推銷從韓國進口的小型貨車和轎車。現代汽車還舉辦了“現代汽車杯”5人制迷你足球錦標賽,共有來自50多個國家的球隊參與,進入決賽的球隊可參觀現代汽車工廠、瞭解汽車技術。如今,現代公司已成為在國際上響噹噹的品牌,它擁有的自主生產主體及核心技術,使其能夠以平等的身份,與三菱、戴姆勒-克萊斯勒公司聯合開發新產品。

The sustainable development of Korean cars also depends on the importance of marketing methods and advertising. Hyundai Motor Group has established development and research centers in the United States, Europe, and Japan. In Japan alone, Hyundai Motor has opened specialty stores in 40 large cities, such as Tokyo and Osaka, to promote minivans and cars imported from South Korea. Hyundai Motor also held the "Hyundai Automobile Cup" 5-a-side mini football championship, with teams from more than 50 countries participating. The finalists can visit Hyundai Motor Factory and learn about automotive technology. Today, Hyundai has become an internationally renowned brand. It has its own independent production body and core technology, which enables it to jointly develop new products with Mitsubishi and Daimler-Chrysler companies on an equal basis.


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