一、国家简介/
Country Profile1.历史沿革/ Historical Evolution
16世纪前居民为印第安人，1536年沦为西班牙殖民地，1810年爆发了反对西班牙殖民统治的五月革命，1816年宣布独立。1853年建立联邦共和国，1994年第四次修改后的宪法规定阿根廷为联邦制国家。
The inhabitants were Indians before the 16th century, and it became a Spanish colony in 1536. The May Revolution against Spanish colonial rule broke out in 1810 and independence was declared in 1816. The Federal Republic was established in 1853, and the fourth revised constitution in 1994 established Argentina as a federal state.
2.人口分布/ Population Distribution
截止2016年，人口总数为4385万，白人和印欧混血种人占97%，多属意大利和西班牙后裔。旅居阿根廷的华人数量约12万人，主要集中在首都和布宜诺斯艾利斯省、圣塔菲省、科尔多瓦省等地区。
As of 2016, the total population was 43.85 million, with white and Indo-European hybrids accounting for 97%, mostly of Italian and Hispanic descent. There are about 120,000 Chinese living in Argentina, mainly in the capital and in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and Cordoba.
3.气候特征/ Climatic Conditions
年平均气温北部21.6摄氏度，南部6.3摄氏度，首都17.7摄氏度。
The annual average temperature is 21.6 degrees Celsius in the north, 6.3 degrees Celsius in the south, and 17.7 degrees Celsius in the capital.
4.地理位置 / Geolocation
位于南美洲东南部、东濒大西洋，南与南极洲隔海相望，西同智利接壤，北接玻利维亚、巴拉圭，东北部与巴西和乌拉圭为邻。
It is located in southeastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the east, facing Antarctica in the south, bordering Chile in the west, Bolivia and Paraguay in the north, and Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast.
二、风俗人情/ Custom Life
1.交通环境/ Traffic Environment
阿根廷曾经有着密集的铁路网，自1876年开始兴建的铁路网从首都宜诺斯艾里斯向西和北方向延伸，覆盖阿根廷中部和北部14个省份，交通运输十分便捷。
但在过去20多年来，由于国家政策调整和经济动荡，阿根廷铁路的大部分路段渐渐陷于荒废，全线7409公里货运路段，仅有1400公里勉强营运。很多企业被迫选择运输成本更高、运力远不及铁路的公路运输。
阿根廷是拉美人均汽车保有率排名第二的国家，截止到15年，阿根廷的千人汽车保有量为314辆。
Argentina once had a dense railway network. The railway network constructed since 1876 extended west and north from the capital, Buenos Aires, covering 14 provinces in central and northern Argentina. The transportation is very convenient.
However, in the past 20 years or so, due to national policy adjustments and economic turmoil, most sections of the Argentine railway have gradually fallen into obsolescence. Only 7,400 kilometers of the 7,409-kilometre freight section of the entire line have barely operated. Many companies are forced to choose road transportation, which has higher transportation costs and far less capacity than railways.
Argentina ranks second in Latin America in terms of car ownership. As of 15 years, Argentina has 314 cars per thousand.
2.经济环境/ Economic environment
阿根廷是南美洲国家联盟、G20成员和拉美第三大经济体。它有着一个相对于其它拉丁美洲国家的庞大中产阶级。
Argentina is the Association of South American Nations, a member of the G20 and Latin America's third largest economy. It has a huge middle class relative to other Latin American countries.
1） 主要经济指标/ Main economic indicators
GDP：5184.75亿美元(2018)，排名世界第26位，是一个发展中国家。
GDP: US $ 518.475 billion (2018), ranking 26th in the world, is a developing country.
人均收入：2.06万（2018）。
Per capita income: 20,600 (2018).
通货膨胀率：24.8%（2017）。
Inflation rate: 24.8% (2017).
失业率：7.2%。
Unemployment rate: 7.2%.
2） 消费需求：购车在阿根廷人日常开支中占有较大比重。同时，近年高通货膨胀率和远远落后于货币贬值速度的薪酬增长，迫使阿根廷人在物价飞涨中勒紧荷包。很多人推迟了购买新车或更换旧车的计划，而需要买车的人则更加注重车辆的价格。
Consumer demand: Car purchases account for a large proportion of Argentine daily expenses. At the same time, in recent years, high inflation and wage growth, which has lagged far behind the pace of currency depreciation, have forced Argentines to tighten their wallets in the face of soaring prices. Many people have postponed plans to buy new or replace old cars, while those who need to buy a car pay more attention to the price of the car.
3.风俗人情/ Local Customs——门多萨葡萄酒节
每年2、3月间，北半球尚处于严寒之际，在阿根廷则是葡萄的收获季节。阿根廷每年2月22日至3月9日以省为单位隆重欢庆这一节日，以庆丰收和祈愿来年好收成，形成了全国性的民族节日，尤以盛产葡萄的门多萨省举办的葡萄节在国内外影响最大。
门多萨葡萄酒节已有近73年的历史，1938年起被定为全国性节日。活动期间最有特色的两项活动是“阿根廷民族盛装行进”和“葡萄节女王”花车游行。
当当！当当！门多萨省省长敲响挂在大铁环上象征劳动的梨锌，一年一度的葡萄酒节便宣告开始了。节日开始的前一段时间里，全省17个行政区先从女中学生中预选出本区容貌俏丽、身段窈窕的女王作为候选人参加全省决赛。评选女王的活动引人注目，外表美丽并非取胜的唯一条件，还需要在文化修养和才学上独占鳌头。因为每年选出的葡萄女王在一年的任期内，将经常代表省政府参加国家的重要礼宾活动。
In February and March of each year, the northern hemisphere is still in the cold, and in Argentina it is the grape harvest season. Argentina celebrates this festival from February 22 to March 9 in provinces every year. It celebrates a good harvest and wishes for a good harvest in the coming year, forming a national festival, especially held in the province of Mendoza, which is rich in grapes. The grape festival has the greatest influence at home and abroad.
The Mendoza Wine Festival has a history of nearly 73 years, and has been designated as a national festival since 1938. Two of the most distinctive events during the event were the "Argentine National Costume" and the "Grape Festival Queen" float parade.
Dangdang! Dangdang! The provincial governor of Mendoza rings the pear zinc, a symbol of labor hanging on a large iron ring, and the annual wine festival is announced. In the period before the festival began, the 17 districts of the province pre-selected the district's pretty and slender queen as a candidate from the female middle school students to participate in the provincial finals. The selection of the queen was noticeable. Beauty is not the only condition to win. It also needs to be the first in culture and talent. Because the grape queen elected every year will often represent the provincial government to participate in important national concierge activities during the one-year term.
三、信息视野/ Information View
1.产业发展/ Industrial Development
阿根廷的汽车工业在拉美地区比较发达，汽车工业起步较早。1920年建立第一家汽车装配厂，1952年建立第一家汽车生产厂，1959年开始批量生产汽车。进入90年代以来，汽车制造业迅速发展：1994年年产曾高达40万辆。
The automobile industry in Argentina is relatively developed in Latin America, and the automobile industry started earlier. The first automobile assembly plant was established in 1920, the first automobile production plant was established in 1952, and mass production of automobiles began in 1959. Since the 1990s, the automobile manufacturing industry has developed rapidly: in 1994, the annual output was as high as 400,000.
2.行业状况/ Industry Status
□汽车工业是阿根廷及其邻国巴西的支柱产业，也是双边贸易的大宗商品，历来是双方贸易战的焦点之一。
The automobile industry is a pillar industry of Argentina and its neighboring Brazil, and is also a commodity of bilateral trade.
□阿根廷汽车生产除部分内销外大量出口，主要是南共市，特别是巴西市场，而汽车零部件则由巴西大量进口。
Argentina ’s auto production is exported in large quantities except for some domestic sales, mainly in the Mercosur, especially in the Brazilian market, while auto parts are imported in large quantities by Brazil.
□摩托车是阿根廷汽车制造业的最大部门，占该行业总产量的44.3％。汽车市场占整个行业的36.2％。
Motorcycles are the largest sector in Argentina's automobile manufacturing industry, accounting for 44.3% of the industry's total output. The automotive market accounts for 36.2% of the entire industry.
□从2016年起，大批中国汽车企业开始进驻阿根廷。截至目前，当地市场上已有奇瑞、吉利、力帆、福田、东风、长城、华晨等11个中国自主品牌汽车在售，总量约占当地汽车市场份额的2%。据一项网络调查，44%的受访者表示愿意购买中国品牌汽车。
Since 2016, a large number of Chinese auto companies have begun to settle in Argentina. As of now, 11 Chinese self-owned brands such as Chery, Geely, Lifan, Foton, Dongfeng, Great Wall and Brilliance are on sale in the local market, accounting for about 2% of the local auto market. According to an online survey, 44% of respondents said they would buy Chinese brand cars.
□18年国内市场进口的汽车为802000辆，19年保持接近的数字。
In the 18 years, the number of imported cars in the domestic market was 802,000, which remained close to the figure in 19 years.
3.市场思考——阿根廷汽车行业之困/Market thinking-the plight of Argentina's auto industry.
根据阿根廷汽车制造协会（ADEFA）发布的数据显示，至2015年4月，阿根廷的汽车产量已经连续20个月同比下降；自2014年以来，阿根廷的汽车销量在月均5万辆的水平徘徊，而2015年更是呈下降趋势。
According to data released by the Argentine Automobile Manufacturers Association (ADEFA), as of April 2015, Argentina ’s car production has declined for 20 consecutive months year-on-year; since 2014, Argentina ’s car sales have hovered at an average of 50,000 vehicles per month. In 2015, there was a downward trend.
●国内政策环境之困：取消汽车消费税减免政策/ Difficulties in the domestic policy environment: cancellation of auto consumption tax relief policy.
汽车消费税减免政策的取消是将阿根廷汽车行业推进困境的直接诱因。进入2014年，免税政策的取消导致购车费用大涨，大幅度地削减消费者购车的积极性，销量自此一蹶不振。
The cancellation of the automobile consumption tax deduction policy is a direct incentive for the Argentine automobile industry to advance into difficulties. In 2014, the cancellation of the tax exemption policy led to a substantial increase in car purchase costs, which drastically reduced the enthusiasm of consumers for car purchases, and sales have since been flat.
●国际政策环境之困：“南共市”贸易政策影响/ Difficulties in the International Policy Environment: Trade Policy Impacts.
整个南美洲，主要分为”太平洋联盟”和”南方共同市场”两个大的经济组织。南共体主要寻求对成员国的经济进行保护，汽车行业对外统一实行33%的关税。这与太平洋联盟意在捍卫自由贸易的立场不同，所以两者难以进行合作，也造成阿根廷的汽车产业难以向邻近的非“南共市”国家市场发展。
除此以外，”南共市”虽然与埃及，以色列，巴勒斯坦等国签订了自由贸易协定，但这些协议当中的政治成分远比经济成分显得重要，与阿根廷的汽车行业并没有太大关联。
The entire South America is mainly divided into two large economic organizations, the "Pacific Union" and the "Southern Common Market". SADC mainly seeks to protect the economies of member countries, and the automotive industry uniformly implements 33% tariffs. This is different from the position of the Pacific Alliance in defending free trade, so it is difficult for the two to cooperate, and it has also made it difficult for Argentina's automotive industry to develop into neighboring non-MERCOSUR countries.
In addition, although the "SADC" has signed free trade agreements with Egypt, Israel, Palestine and other countries, the political component of these agreements is far more important than the economic component, and it is not much related to the automotive industry in Argentina.
●出口市场之困：主要出口国巴西市场需求下降/ Difficulties in the export market: demand in Brazil, a major exporter, declines.
目前，阿根廷生产的汽车大约有50%出口至巴西，但随着巴西经济下滑，汽车供过于求，连带导致阿根廷汽车出口下滑。
“如果巴西得以复苏，那么阿根廷汽车行业产能也将会恢复。”奥兰多•费若思咨询公司的专家如是说。
At present, about 50% of the cars produced in Argentina are exported to Brazil. However, as the Brazilian economy declines and there is an oversupply of cars, Argentina's auto exports have also declined.
"If Brazil recovers, so will the capacity of the Argentine automotive industry," said an expert from Orlando Ferros Consulting.
●国内经济之困：债务危机与通货膨胀/ Domestic economic woes: debt crisis and inflation.
目前，阿根廷政府频发的债务危机以及国内超过20%的通货膨胀率，都显示阿根廷的经济正处于下坡路。而且阿根廷由于和多家对冲基金之间存在债务纠纷，无法从国际资本市场吸纳资金，新资金的缺乏使得阿根廷的汽车行业无法获得走出困境所需要的“能量”。
At present, the frequent debt crisis of the Argentine government and the domestic inflation rate of more than 20% indicate that Argentina's economy is on the decline. Moreover, due to debt disputes between Argentina and many hedge funds, it was unable to absorb funds from the international capital market. The lack of new funds prevented Argentina's auto industry from obtaining the "energy" needed to get out of the predicament.
