一個奇怪的MySQL慢查詢,打懵了一群不懂業務的DBA!

前言

最近,開發人員需要定期的刪除表裡一定時間以前的數據,SQL如下:mysql > delete from testtable WHERE biz_date <= '2017-08-21 00:00:00' AND status = 2 limit 500\\G前段時間在優化的時候,我們已經在相應的查詢條件上加上了索引,如下:KEY idx_bizdate_st (biz_date,status)但是實際執行的SQL依然非常慢,為什麼呢,我們來一步步分析驗證下。

分析

表上的字段既然都有索引,那麼按照之前的文章分析,是兩個字段都可以走上索引的。

既然能夠利用索引,表的總大小也就是200M左右,那麼為什麼形成了慢查呢?

我們查看執行計劃,去掉limit 後,發現他選擇了走全表掃描。

<code>mysql > desc  select * from testtable   WHERE biz_date <= '2017-08-21 00:00:00';
+----+-------------+-----------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | testtable | ALL | idx_bizdate_st | NULL | NULL | NULL | 980626 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

-- 只查詢biz_date
-- 關鍵點:rows:980626;type:ALL

mysql > desc select * from testtable WHERE biz_date <= '2017-08-21 00:00:00' and status = 2;
+----+-------------+-----------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | testtable | ALL | idx_bizdate_st | NULL | NULL | NULL | 980632 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+----------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

-- 查詢biz_date + status
-- 關鍵點:rows:980632;type:ALL

mysql > desc select * from testtable WHERE biz_date <= '2017-08-21 00:00:00' and status = 2 limit 100;
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+--------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+--------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | testtable | range | idx_bizdate_st | idx_bizdate_st | 6 | NULL | 490319 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+--------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

-- 查詢biz_date + status+ limit
-- 關鍵點:rows:490319;

mysql > select count(*) from testtable WHERE biz_date <= '2017-08-21 00:00:00' and status = 2;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 0 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.34 sec)

mysql > select count(*) from testtable WHERE biz_date <= '2017-08-21 00:00:00';
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 970183 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.33 sec)

mysql > select count(*) from testtable;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 991421 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.19 sec)

mysql > select distinct biz_status from testtable;
+------------+
| biz_status |
+------------+
| 1 |
| 2 |
| 4 |
+------------+
/<code>

通過以上查詢,我們可以發現如下幾點問題:

通過 biz_date 預估出來的行數 和 biz_date + status=2 預估出來的行數幾乎一樣,為98w。實際查詢表 biz_date + status=2 一條記錄都沒有。整表數據量達到了99萬,MySQL發現通過索引掃描需要98w行(預估)

因此,MySQL通過統計信息預估的時候,發現需要掃描的索引行數幾乎佔到了整個表,放棄了使用索引,選擇了走全表掃描。

那是不是他的統計信息有問題呢?我們重新收集了下表統計信息,發現執行計劃的預估行數還是一樣,猜測只能根據組合索引的第一個字段進行預估(待確定)。

那我們試下直接強制讓他走索引呢?

<code>mysql > select * from testtable   WHERE biz_date <= '2017-08-21 00:00:00' and status = 2;
Empty set (0.79 sec)


mysql > select * from testtable force index(idx_bizdate_st) WHERE biz_date <= '2017-08-21 00:00:00' and status = 2;
Empty set (0.16 sec)
/<code>

我們發現,強制指定索引後,查詢耗時和沒有強制索引比較,的確執行速度快了很多,因為沒有強制索引是全表掃描嘛!但是!依然非常慢!

那麼還有什麼辦法去優化這個本來應該很快的查詢呢?

大家應該都聽說過要選擇性好的字段放在組合索引的最前面?

選擇性好的索引在前面並不是對所有的場景都通用的,這個場景可以將status放前面,sql速度會更快。

那,能不能讓他不要掃描索引的那麼多範圍呢?之前的索引模型中也說過,MySQL是通過索引去確定一個掃描範圍,如果能夠定位到儘可能小的範圍,那是不是速度上會快很多呢?

並且業務邏輯上是定期刪除一定日期之前的數據。所以邏輯上來說,每次刪除都是隻刪除一天的數據,直接讓SQL掃描一天的範圍。那麼我們就可以改寫SQL啦!

<code>mysql > select * from testtable WHERE biz_date >= '2017-08-20 00:00:00' and biz_date <= '2017-08-21 00:00:00' and status = 2;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql > desc select * from testtable WHERE biz_date >= '2017-08-20 00:00:00' and biz_date <= '2017-08-21 00:00:00' and status = 2;
+----+-------------+------------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | testtable | range | idx_bizdate_st | idx_bizdate_st | 6 | NULL | 789 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+------------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

-- rows降低了很多,乖乖的走了索引

mysql > desc select * from testtable WHERE biz_date >= '2017-08-20 00:00:00' and biz_date <= '2017-08-21 00:00:00' ;
+----+-------------+------------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | testtable | range | idx_bizdate_st | idx_bizdate_st | 5 | NULL | 1318 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+------------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

-- 即使沒有status,也是肯定走索引啦
/<code>

小結

這個問題,我原本打算用hint,強制讓他走索引,但是實際上強制走索引的執行時間並不能帶來滿意的效果。結合業務邏輯,來優化SQL,是最好的方式,也是終極法寶,一定要好好利用。不瞭解業務的DBA,不是一個好DBA...


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