But these schemes do not always have the desired effects. Intellectual-property protections make it more difficult for others to make their own contributions by building on prior work.
Barbara Biasi of Yale University and Petra Moser of New York University studied the effects of an American wartime policy that allowed domestic publishers to freely print copies of German-owned science books.
English-language citations of the newly abundant works subsequently rose by 67%.Too closely linking career progress to success in publishing can also skew behaviour.
Over the past half century, Messrs Bhattacharya and Packalen note, promotions and pay for research scientists have increasingly been determined narrowly by the numbers of citations their works have received.
Such metrics probably push research in a more conservative direction. While novel research is more likely to be cited when published, it is also far more likely to prove a dead end—and thus to fail to be published at all.
Career-oriented researchers thus have a strong incentive to work towards incremental advances rather than radical ones.
Similarly, Pierre Azoulay of mit, Gustavo Manso of the University of California, Berkeley, and Joshua Graff Zivin of the University of California, San Diego, find that medical researchers funded by project-linked grants, like those offered by the National Institutes of Health, an American government research centre, often pursue less ambitious projects, and thus produce breakthrough innovations at a much lower rate, than researchers given open-ended funding.
這是《經濟學人》2020年2月刊的一篇文章'Motive power'第6段，共7句。
1、
{'schemes':'方案'}
{'prior':'先前的'}
但是這些方案並不總能達到預期效果。知識產權的保護使得其他人很難依靠前期的工作來完成自己的貢獻。
2、
{'wartime':'戰時'}
{'domestic':'本國的'}
耶魯大學的Barbara Biasi 和紐約大學的Petra Moser研究了美國戰時政策的影響，這個政策允許本土出版者自由印刷德國擁有的科學書籍的副本。
3、
{'citations':'引用'}
{'abundant':'大量的'}
{'subsequently':'隨之，後來'}
{'skew':'歪曲，偏離'}
近期大量關於英語語言引用的內容隨之上升了67%。將職業發展與出版的成功聯繫的太緊密也會造成扭曲行為。
4、
Messrs Bhattacharya和Packalen指出，在過去的半個世紀，研究人員的升職和報酬越來越多地被其作品被引用的數量所左右。
5、
{'metrics':'指標'}
{'conservative':'保守的'}
{'novel':'新穎的'}
這種指標很可能將研究推向保守的方向。 儘管新穎的研究在發表時更容易被引用，但它也更有可能證明是死路一條，從而根本無法發表。
6、
{'oriented':'方向，朝向'}
{'incremental':'增加的，遞增的'}
{'radical':'根本的，徹底的'}
因此，以職業為導向的研究人員有很大的動力去爭取漸進式進步而不是激進式進步。
7、
{'grants':'撥款'}
類似的，麻省理工學院的Pierre Azoulay，加利福尼亞大學Berkeley分校的Gustavo Manso和San Diego分校的Joshua Graff Zivin發現，由項目專款資助的醫學研究者，比如那些由美國國立衛生研究院（一家美國政府研究中心）提供撥款的，通常追求的是比較平庸的項目，因此他們遠比受開放式基金資助的研究者產出重大突破性創新的速度低。
--總結--
這段話看似比較長，但是裡面的很多為修飾主語的名詞短語，仔細觀察，將句子分解後就簡單了。
【詞彙部分】
{'schemes':'方案'}
{'prior':'先前的'}
{'wartime':'戰時'}
{'domestic':'本國的'}
{'citations':'引用'}
{'abundant':'大量的'}
{'subsequently':'隨之，後來'}
{'skew':'歪曲，偏離'}
{'metrics':'指標'}
{'conservative':'保守的'}
{'novel':'新穎的'}
{'oriented':'方向，朝向'}
{'incremental':'增加的，遞增的'}
{'radical':'根本的，徹底的'}
{'grants':'撥款'}
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