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第1章 殖民地時期的美國
1.1 複習筆記
I. American Puritanism（美國清教主義）
The settlement of North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. In 1620, the ship Mayflower carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The first settlers in America were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons. They carried with them American Puritanism which took root in the New World and became the most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature.
英國向北美的移民活動開始於17世紀上半葉。英國於1607年在北美建立了第一個永久性海外殖民區：弗吉尼亞州的詹姆斯敦。1620年“五月花”號載運100餘名移民抵達馬薩諸塞州的普利茅斯。很多美國早期的移民是清教徒，他們出於多種原因來到美國。他們信奉的清教主義後來在新大陸生根發芽，並對美國思想和美國文學產生了根深蒂固的影響。
1．Doctrines of Puritanism（清教主義的教義）
The Puritans accepted the doctrine predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few), which theologian John Calvin had preached.
清教徒信奉神學家約翰·加爾文宣揚的預設定論，原罪，徹底的墮落，有限制的救贖等神學主張。
2．The influence of Puritanism on American literature（清教主義對美國文學的影響）
(1) The idealism of Puritan had exerted a great influence on American writers.
It is a common place that American literature—or Anglo-American literature—is based on a myth, that is, the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. This literature is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan bequest. The Puritan dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with courage and hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America, where man could at long last live the way he should. Fired with such a sense of mission, the Puritan looked upon even the worst of life in the face with a tremendous amount of optimism. All this went, in due time, into the making of American literature. The spirit of optimism burst into the pages of so many American authors.
(2) The American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.
Puritan doctrine and literary practice contributed to no small extent to the development of an indigenous symbolism. To the pious Puritan the physical phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. Every passage of life, en-meshed in the vast context of God’s plan, possessed a delegated meaning. It is impossible to overlook the very symbolizing process that was constantly at work in Puritan minds. This process became, in time, part of the intellectual tradition in which American authors were brought up along with their people. For Jonathan Edwards, Emerson, Hawthorne, Melville, Howells and many others, symbolism as a technique has become a common practice. This peculiar mode of perception was an essential part of their upbringing.
(3) With regard to technique, the simplicity which characterize the Puritan style of writing greatly influenced the American literature.
The style of the writing of the Puritan writers is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. All this left an indelible imprint on American writing.
(1) 清教徒的理想主義對美國作家的文學創作產生了深遠的影響。
從總體來看，美國文學——至少是白人的美國文學——是建築在《聖經》伊甸園神話基礎上的文學。在很大程度上，它是美國清教主義遺產——虔誠理想主義的一種文學形式。清教徒夢想著生活在一種完善的秩序之下，懷著勇氣和希望在美國建立新的伊甸園，以使得他們能最終過上理想的生活。在這種使命感的鼓舞下，他們面對艱難險阻卻充滿樂觀主義情緒。這些都成為美國文學產生髮展的重要滋養。樂觀主義瀰漫在許多美國作家的作品裡。
(2) 美國清教徒形象地觀察事物的方式導致了具有典型美國文學特點的象徵主義的產生。
清教神學和清教徒的文學實踐是美國本土象徵主義發展的主要原因。在虔誠的清教徒看來，現實的大千世界只是上帝的象徵而已。生活中的一切現象都是上帝意圖的組成部分和具體表現。很容易發現這種在清教徒思維中經常發生的象徵過程。隨著時間的推移，這一過程便成為美國人民和作家賴以成長的文化傳統的一部分。喬納森·愛德華茲，愛默生，霍桑，麥爾維爾來說，象徵主義已成為一種常用的技巧。清教徒這種獨特的觀察世界的方式是他們所受教育的一個基本構成部分。
(3) 在寫作技巧方面，清教徒作品的樸實無華也深刻地影響了美國文學。
清教徒作家的寫作風格是語言清新、簡單、直接；修辭簡樸、誠摯，帶有聖經直接影響下的高貴氣質。這些都給美國文學留下了持久的印跡。
II. Overview of the colonial literature（殖民地文學簡介）
American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupied a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.
美國文學由很多粗糙的文體發展而來。日記、稗史、札記、書信、備忘錄、遊記及佈道文稿等在內的各種形式的私人文字，在早期殖民時期的文學中佔據著主要地位。
1．Major writers of colonial period（殖民地時期主要作家）
(1) John Smith (1580-1631)（約翰·斯密斯）
Captain John Smith was one of the founders of the colony Jamestown, Virginia. His writing about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.
In The General History of Virginia he wrote about his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas.
Another thing he wrote about that became historically important was his description of the fertile and vast new continent in his A Description of New England.
約翰·斯密斯上校是弗吉尼亞州詹姆斯敦殖民地的建立者之一。他的作品中有關北美的敘述成為後來移民瞭解北美新大陸的信息來源。
約翰·斯密斯在《弗吉尼亞通史》中講述了他被印第安人俘虜及被著名的印第安公主郎波克杭特絲營救的故事。
他的另一部具有重大歷史意義的作品是《新英格蘭概覽》，其中描述了肥沃且廣袤的美洲新大陸。
(2) William Bradford (1590-1657)（威廉姆·佈雷福德）
In 1620 William Bradford led the Mayflower endeavor and became the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation with his group of pilgrim fathers.
His major work is Of Plymouth Plantation.
在1620威廉姆·佈雷福德率領清教徒前輩移民乘“五月花”號到達美洲，他後來成為普利茅斯的首任總督。
他的主要作品是《普利茅斯開發史》。
(3) John Winthrop (1588-1649)（約翰·溫思羅普）
John Winthrop was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony.
In his famous speech A Model of Christian Charity he stated that “we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us.”
The two major poets in the colonial period were Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor.
約翰·溫思羅普是馬薩諸塞灣殖民地的首任總督。
在其著名演說《基督教博愛的典範》中他說到“我們將成為山顛之城，全世界人民的眼光都在注視著我們。”
殖民時期的兩大詩人是安·佈雷茲特里特和愛德華·泰勒。
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