一、有關獨立主格結構的基本概念
獨立主格結構是一個名詞或代詞（作為邏輯主語），加上一個形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等在句中作狀語。它有以下三個特點：
1. 獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。
2. 名詞或代詞與後面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關係。
3. 獨立主格結構一般用逗號與主句分開，但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。
二、獨立主格結構的常見形式
1. 名詞（代詞）+現在分詞
The question being settled, we went home. 問題解決之後，我們就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假設天氣好，我們就進行比賽。
The monitor being ill, we'd better put the meeting off. 班長病了，我們最好還是延期開會吧。
2. 名詞（代詞）+過去分詞
The job finished, we went home. 工作結束後我們就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最後一班公車已經走了，我們必須走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果給我們更多的時間，我們會把工作做得更好。
3. 名詞（代詞）+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下週。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。
4. 名詞（代詞）+介詞短語
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵們端著槍衝了進來。
A girl came in, book in hand. 一個少女進來了，手裡拿著書。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等著，眼睛望著她的背影。
5. 名詞（代詞）+形容詞或副詞
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半開著。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣領已解掉，頭低了下來，拿好鋼筆，準備開始寫一封長信。
6. There being +名詞（代詞）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣佈散會。
7. It being +名詞（代詞）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由於聖誕節的緣故，政府機關都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由於今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。
比較：獨立主格結構與由介詞 with 引出的複合結構。如：
Don't sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低著頭站在老師面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手裡拿著一本書走了進來。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。
I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病，我無法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房裡工作。
I can't go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。
三、英語獨立主格結構的用法
獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當於一個狀語從句或並列句。
1. 用作時間狀語
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成後，我們就回家了。
2. 用作條件狀語
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小遊。
3. 用作原因狀語
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴隨狀語
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦後。
5. 表示補充說明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一個獵人走了進來，他的臉凍得通紅。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人幹兩個人的活。
注：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當於一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當於一個並列句，通常放於句末。
四、使用獨立主格結構的幾點注意
1. 當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後，學生很快離開了課室。
2. 在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略：
(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：
It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。
(2) 在There being＋名詞的結構中。如：
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。
3. 在“名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進了課室，手裡拿著一本書。
比較with的複合結構：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式。如：
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會。
比較動名詞複合結構：The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
5. 獨立主格結構作時間或原因狀語時，可用完成時，表示該動作發生在謂語之前。如：
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.聽眾坐好後，音樂會開始了。
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由於湯姆一再遲到，他的老闆非常失望。
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重點單詞
rifle
n. 步槍 v. 洗劫，搶劫
outing
n. 郊遊，遠足，外出
settled
adj. 固定的；穩定的 v. 解決；定居（settle
collar
n. 衣領，項圈，[機]軸環 vt. 抓住，為 ...
fell
動詞fall的過去式 n. 獸皮 vt. 砍伐，擊倒 a
hunter
n. 獵人，獵犬，獵馬，搜尋者 Hunter: 亨特（姓
row
n. 排，船遊，吵鬧 vt. 划船，成排 vi. 划船，
declare
disappointed
adj. 失望的
concert
n. 音樂會，一致，和諧 vt. 制定
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