美國、歐盟和日本三方在週二（25日）簽署了貿易相關的三方聯合聲明“美日歐聯合聲明”。聲明中提到，三方在第三國非市場化政策，國企補貼，強制技術轉讓，改革WTO等多方面達成了一致態度。
美國貿易代表辦公室（USTR）週二刊登消息說，美國貿易代表萊特希則（Robert Lighthizer），日本經濟產業大臣世耕弘成（Hiroshige Seko）及歐盟主管貿易事務的執行委員馬姆斯壯（Cecilia Malmstrom）在紐約會談後簽署了“美日歐聯合聲明”，聲明內容如下：
關於美國、日本和歐洲聯盟三方貿易部長會議的聯合聲明
2018年9月25日，日本經濟、貿易和工業部長Hiroshige Seko先生、美國貿易代表Robert E. Lighthizer大使和歐洲貿易專員Cecilia Malmström夫人在紐約舉行了會議。
關於第三國不以市場為導向的政策和做法的關切的聲明 部長們重申關注並確認了它們共同的目標, 即解決第三國的非市場化政策和做法, 從而導致嚴重的生產能力過剩, 為工人和企業創造不公平的競爭條件, 妨礙開發和使用創新技術, 破壞國際貿易的適當運作, 包括現有規則不有效。
部長們回顧, 以市場為導向的條件對公平、互惠互利的全球貿易體系至關重要, 其公民和企業在市場導向條件下運作。 他們討論了正在採取的行動和可能在不久的將來採取的措施。
因此, 他們指示其工作人員進一步討論各種因素或跡象, 表明企業和工業存在面向非市場的政策和做法, 以加強非市場導向的信息共享第三國的政策和做法, 與其他貿易伙伴合作, 確定維持以市場為導向的條件的手段, 並深化關於執法和制定規則的討論, 作為解決這些問題的工具。
關於工業補貼和國有企業的聲明 部長們審查並確認了有關工業補貼和國有企業可能的新規則的進展情況, 以便為其工人促進一個更公平的競爭領域, 並企業。 部長們強調了確保公平競爭的重要性, 因為第三方發展中國有企業的挑戰成為國家冠軍, 並使它們在全球市場中鬆動--造成扭曲, 消極地影響到各部長母國的農民、工業生產者和工人。部長們認識到他們的工作進展, 並繼續需要加深他們的共同理解, 在加強工業補貼和國有企業規則的基礎上, 包括如何制定有效的規則來解決國有企業扭曲市場行為, 面對特別有害的補貼做法, 如: 國有銀行貸款不符合公司的信用, 包括由於政府隱性擔保;政府或政府控制的投資基金在非商業條件下的股本投資;非商業性債轉股;優惠的輸入定價, 包括雙重定價;在沒有可靠的重組計劃的情況下向患病的企業提供補貼;和補貼導致或維持產能過剩。
三邊夥伴繼續探討如何增加透明度和通知失敗的費用, 以及如何加強獲得補貼信息的能力。
部長們還確認, 他們承諾繼續共同努力, 維持現有世貿組織紀律的效力。
在此基礎上, 他們同意加強彼此之間的討論, 並表示打算在2018年底之前推進各自的內部步驟, 以便在此後不久開始就更有效的補貼規則進行談判。部長們強調必須確保主要貿易伙伴參與今後的談判。
關於對第三國強制技術轉讓政策和做法的關切的聲明 部長們回顧了他們的共同看法, 即任何國家都不應要求或向外國公司施加壓力向國內公司轉讓技術, 包括例如, 通過使用合資要求、外國股權限制、行政審查和許可程序或其他手段。部長們認為這種做法是可悲的。
部長們再次譴責由政府所採取的行動用來支持外國公司的計算機網絡未經授權侵入和盜竊, 以獲取其敏感的商業信息和商業機密, 並利用這些信息進行商業性獲得。 回顧強迫技術轉讓政策和做法為其工人和企業造成不公平的競爭條件, 妨礙開發和使用創新技術, 破壞國際貿易的適當運作,部長們將與其他志同道合的夥伴達成共識, 並與他們建立協商一致意見。部長們還同意深化對各種有害技術轉讓政策和做法及其影響的調查和分析。
部長們申明承諾採取有效手段制止有害的強迫技術轉讓政策和做法, 為此目的, 深化關於執法和制定規則的討論, 以此作為解決這些問題的工具。
關於世貿組織改革討論的聲明 部長們就世貿組織改革的必要性達成了共同看法, 並就其監測和監督職能商定作為第一步, 共同發起一項透明度和通知建議, 以在世貿組織貨物貿易理事會下一次會議上審議。
他們還同意促進加強經常委員會的活動, 並指示其專家討論擬訂一項可能的聯合提議, 由三名成員共同提出, 重點是促進最佳做法和提高效率跨委員會。
過於寬泛的發展分類, 加上自我指定的發展地位, 阻礙了世貿組織談判新的、貿易擴大的協定並損害其效力的能力。部長們呼籲要求發展中國家地位的先進世貿組織成員在目前和未來的世貿組織談判中作出充分承諾。
關於數字貿易和電子商務的聲明 部長們對數字保護主義的擴散日益感到關切, 並同意在促進數字貿易和數字經濟增長方面進行合作, 並通過數據安全的推廣。
部長們歡迎世貿組織電子商務聯合聲明倡議下的探索性工作的進展。 他們同意加緊和加快這一進程, 加深各成員之間對未來數字貿易協定中可能包括的內容的理解, 其目的是更新世貿組織規則, 以及這種協議。 部長們同意繼續努力, 在儘可能多的成員的參與下, 及時展開一項高標準協定的談判。
關於在其他問題上的合作的聲明 部長們確認了相互協調的重要性, 以減輕貿易和外國投資對其國家安全的風險, 包括在適當的情況下繼續合作三個合作伙伴的當局分享最佳做法和交流關於外國投資審查機制的信息。
部長們歡迎出口信貸國際工作組的三方合作, 以便在2019年儘快制定一套新的政府支助出口信貸準則。
部長們重申了它們在國際論壇上的合作, 例如 G7、G20 和經合組織, 以及在諸如鋼鐵過剩產能問題全球講壇和政府/當局半導體會議等部門倡議中, 以解決扭曲市場的措施。
Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan, and the European Union
Mr. Hiroshige Seko, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, Ambassador Robert E. Lighthizer, United States Trade Representative, and Mrs. Cecilia Malmström, European Commissioner for Trade, met in New York on 25 September 2018.
Statement on Concerns with Non-Market-Oriented Policies and Practices of Third Countries
The Ministers reiterated their concern with and confirmed their shared objective to address non market-oriented policies and practices of third countries that lead to severe overcapacity, create unfair competitive conditions for their workers and businesses, hinder the development and use of innovative technologies, and undermine the proper functioning of international trade, including where existing rules are not effective.
The Ministers recalled that market-oriented conditions are fundamental to a fair, mutually advantageous global trading system and that their citizens and businesses operate under market-oriented conditions. They discussed actions being taken and possible measures that could be undertaken in the near future.
Accordingly, they directed their staff to further their discussion on various elements or indications that signal that non-market oriented policies and practices exist for businesses and industries, to enhance information sharing on non-market-oriented policies and practices of third countries, to engage with other trading partners on identifying means to maintain market-oriented conditions, and to deepen discussions on enforcement and rule-making as tools to address these problems.
Statement on Industrial Subsidies and State Owned Enterprise
The Ministers reviewed and confirmed progress regarding possible new rules on industrial subsidies and State Owned Enterprises so as to promote a more level playing field for their workers and businesses. The Ministers highlighted the importance of securing a level playing field given the challenges posed by third parties developing State Owned Enterprises into national champions and setting them loose in global markets – resulting in distortions that negatively affect farmers, industrial producers, and workers in the Ministers’ home countries. The Ministers recognized the progress of their work, and the continued need to deepen their shared understanding, on the basis for strengthening rules on industrial subsidies and State Owned Enterprises, including how to develop effective rules to address market-distorting behavior of state enterprises and confront particularly harmful subsidy practices such as: state-owned bank lending incompatible with a company’s creditworthiness, including due to implicit government guarantees; government or government-controlled investment fund equity investment on non-commercial terms; non-commercial debt-to-equity swaps; preferential input pricing, including dual pricing; subsidies to an ailing enterprise without a credible restructuring plan; and subsidies leading to or maintaining overcapacity.
The trilateral partners continue exploring how to increase the costs of transparency and notification failures and how to strengthen the ability to obtain information on subsidies.
The Ministers also confirmed their commitment to continue working together to maintain the effectiveness of existing WTO disciplines.
On that basis, they agreed to intensify discussions among themselves and expressed their intention to advance their respective internal steps before the end of 2018 with the aim of initiating a negotiation on more effective subsidy rules soon thereafter. The Ministers emphasized the need to ensure the participation of key trading partners in these future negotiations.
Statement on Concerns with Forced Technology Transfer Policies and Practices of Third Countries
The Ministers recalled their shared view that no country should require or pressure technology transfer from foreign companies to domestic companies, including, for example, through the use of joint venture requirements, foreign equity limitations, administrative review and licensing processes, or other means. The Ministers found such practices to be deplorable.
The Ministers again condemned government actions that support the unauthorized intrusion into, and theft from, the computer networks of foreign companies to access their sensitive commercial information and trade secrets and use that information for commercial gain. Recalling that forced technology transfer policies and practices create unfair competitive conditions for their workers and businesses, hinder the development and use of innovative technologies, and undermine the proper functioning of international trade, the Ministers will reach out to and build consensus with other like-minded partners. The Ministers also agreed to deepen their investigation and analysis of the full range of harmful technology transfer policies and practices and their effects.
The Ministers affirmed their commitment to effective means to stop harmful forced technology transfer policies and practices, and to this end, deepen discussions on enforcement and rule-making as tools to address these problems.
Statement on Discussions on WTO Reform
The Ministers shared a common view on the need for the reform of the WTO, and, with respect to its monitoring and surveillance function, agreed as a first step to co-sponsor a transparency and notification proposal for consideration at the next meeting of the WTO Council on Trade in Goods.
They also agreed to promote the strengthening of the regular committees’ activities and instructed their experts to discuss the development of a potential joint proposal by the three members focusing on the promotion of best practices and increasing efficiencies across committees.
Overly broad classifications of development, combined with self-designation of development status, inhibits the WTO’s ability to negotiate new, trade-expanding agreements and undermines their effectiveness. The Ministers called on advanced WTO Members claiming developing country status to undertake full commitments in ongoing and future WTO negotiations.
Statement on Digital Trade and E-Commerce
The Ministers shared growing concerns about proliferation of digital protectionism and agreed to cooperate in facilitating digital trade and the growth of the digital economy and to enhance business environments through the promotion of data security.
The Ministers welcome the progress of exploratory work under the WTO Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce. They agreed to intensify and accelerate this process to deepen understanding among members on possible elements to be included in a future agreement on digital trade aiming at updating the WTO rulebook, as well as the significant economic benefits of such an agreement. The Ministers agreed to continue work toward the timely launch of negotiations of a high standard agreement with the participation of as many members as possible.
Statement on Cooperation on Other Issues
The Ministers confirmed the importance of coordination among themselves to mitigate risks to their national security from trade and foreign investment, including the continued cooperation between appropriate authorities of the three partners to share best practices and exchange information on foreign investment review mechanisms.
The Ministers welcomed trilateral cooperation for the International Working Group on Export Credits to develop a new set of guidelines for government-supported export credits as soon as possible in 2019.
The Ministers reaffirmed their cooperation in international fora, such as the G7, G20 and the OECD and in sectoral initiatives such as the Global Forum on Steel Excess Capacity and Governments/Authorities Meeting on Semiconductors, to address market-distorting measures.
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