百因必有果,你的“福利”就是我第64篇:不定式的构成及用法


百因必有果,你的“福利”就是我第64篇:不定式的构成及用法


非谓语动词


分类:
不定式
动名词
分词


不定式概述


(一)不定式的构成
动词不定式由动词不定式符号to+动词原形构成,即 to do 形式。to 是不定式的符号,无词义。

(二)不定式否定形式的构成
在不定式符号 to 之前加 not 构成动词不定式的否定形式,即 not to do,如:not to work,not to speak.

(三)不定式的时态和语态


不定式也有一般式、完成式、进行式,也有主动形式和被动形式。

1、不定式一般式的主动语态为“to+动词原形”即“to do”,除表现在情况之外还可表将来。
It's very nice to see you.
见到你真好。

2、不定式一般形式的被动语态为“to be+过去分词”即“to be done”。
The old would like to be treated as a child.
老人们喜欢被当成孩子来对待。

3、不定式进行时态的形式为“to be+doing”,表示这个动作与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be reading Japanese.
他看起来像在读日语。

4、不定式完成时态的形式为“to have+过去分词”,表示这一动作发生在谓语动词之前。

She seemed to have understood me.
她看起来好像已经明白了我的意思。

5、不定式完成时的被动形式为“to have been+过去分词 ”
I was very angry to have been treated as a child.
因为自己被当作小孩子对待,我特别生气。


不定式的句法功能


不定式具备名词、形容词、副词的性能,在句中可以作除谓语之外的其他句子成分

(1)作主语
不定式作主语时,视为第三人称单数
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。

不定式作主语时,常用it替代不定式作形式主语放在句首,把不定式放在句末


这种用法的常见句型有:
It is+形容词+to do sth.
lt is+名词+to do sth.
It is+形容词+for/of sb. to do sth.
It takes sb. some time to do sth.

It is not easy to learn English well.
学好英语不容易。
It is our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.
保持环境干净整洁是我们大家的责任。
It is important for us to save water.
节约用水对我们来说很重要。
It's nice of you to say so.
你这么说太好了。
It takes me two weeks to finish this book.
读完这本书花了我两周时间。

注意:
It is+形容词+for/of sb. to do sth.
结构在 kind,good,nice,clever 等表示人的品质的形容词后,不用 for 而用 of。
It's kind of you to say so.
相当于 You are kind to say so.
你这么说真是太好了。

(2)作宾语
常接不定式作宾语的谓语动词有:
refuse, agree, ask, hope
want, like, wish, prefer

try, mean, forget, begin
start,decide,choose 等
另外,部分动词还可接带疑问词的动词不定式
如:ask,forget,get
remember,like,learn
think,tell,want
wish,advise,show 等

He wants to find him quickly.
他想快点找到他。
I asked what to do but not how to do.
我问了该干什么但没问如何做。

在复合实语中,这时可以把不定式放在宾补后面,而用形式宾语it代替它
I find it easy to leam English well.
我发现要把英语学好很容易。

(3)作表语
说明主语的性质或内容
To eat is to live, but to live is not to eat.
吃饭是为了活着,但活着并不是为了吃饭。

(4)作宾语补足语
常跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:teach, tell, get, force, help, invite, ask, know,wish, forbid, want, beg, call on, allow. wait for, warn, cause, order, advise, require, encourage, like, call for,permit等。

另外,常跟不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:
have, make, let, feel
see, observe. look at
listen to, notice, watch
hear, discover 等
但是,这些动词在被动形式下,需要带 to

He wants you to call him back at eleven.
他想要你在11点给他回电话。
This piece of music was made to cheer you up.
这段音乐被用来让你兴奋起来。

(5)作定语
①不定式和它所修饰的词之间是动宾关系
I want to get something to read during the winter holiday.
我想找点东西在寒假读读。

②被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语
The next person to speak was a foreigner.
下一个要发言的人是个外国人。

注意:
如果不定式是不及物动词,作定语时其后应有必要的介词

a pen to write with
用来写字的钢笔
a child to look after
一个需要照顾的孩子

修饰的名词是 time,place,way 时,其后习惯上常省略介词
We are looking for a place to lie (in).
我们在找能躺下的地方。

(6)作状语
不定式在句中可作结果状语、目的状语、原因状语和条件状语
The policemen searched the house only to find nothing.
警察搜查了这房子,却什么也没找到。
(表结果)
They ran over to welcome us.
他们跑过来欢迎我们。
(表目的)
You're silly to tell him all about that.
你把所有的事情都告诉他,你可真蠢。
(表原因)
To listen to him, you should find that there's no problem at all.
如果你听他的话,你就会发现根本没有问题。
(表条件)



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