第34課：過去完成時--知識精講
一、過去完成時的概念與結構特點
概念：過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經發生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去（ past-in-the-past ）”。
----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|---------------------------->
那時以前 那時 現在
構成：過去完成時由“主語+助動詞 had + 過去分詞”構成，其中 had 通用於各種人稱。
I had already had breakfast before I arrived at De You School
She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning.
二、過去完成時的判斷依據
1. 由時間狀語來判定
一般說來，各種時態都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：
A、 by + 過去的時間點。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
B、 by the end of + 過去的時間點。We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
C、 before + 過去的時間點。They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。
過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經發生或完成的動作，即動作有先後關係，
動作在前的用過去完成時，在後的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現在：
（ 1 ）賓語從句中
當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先於主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told,
said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從句。如： She said that she had seen the film before.
（ 2 ）狀語從句中
在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發生有先後關係，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在後的要用一般過去時。
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意： before, after 引導的時間狀語從句中，由於 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先後
關係，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如：
Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（ 3 ）表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成
時表示"原本…，未能…"We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根據上、下文來判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
當堂複習+考試：請教師給學員留出5分鐘消化以上內容。
1、過去完成時定義：
2、如何判定過去完成時：
第35課：過去完成時--知識精講
三、過去完成時的主要用法
1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態在過去某一時間或動作之前已經完成或結束，即發生在“過去的過去”。
When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒來時，雨已經停了。（主句的動作發生在“過去的過去”）
2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時
才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發生在 told 之前 )
3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多already ，
yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導的短語或從句連用。
eg：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4. 過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態在過去某時之前已經開始，一直延續到這一過去時間，而且動作尚未
結束，仍然有繼續下去的可能。
eg： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.
（ had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續進行下去的可能）
5. 過去完成時也用於hardly...when...（剛…就…）, no sooner...than... （剛…就…）, It was the first
time + that等一些固定句型中。
He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him. 他剛離開房間，他們就議論起他來。
We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.我們剛開始就被叫停。
It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.他用這樣的語調跟我講話，這是第一次。
四、過去完成時與現在完成時的區別
現在完成時表示的動作發生在過去，但側重對現在產生的結果或造成的影響，與現在有關，其結構為
“助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”；過去完成時則是一個相對的時態，它所表示的動作不僅發生在過
去， 更強調“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。試比較：
I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前為止我已經學會了 1000 個英語單詞。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時為止我已經學會了 1000 個英語單詞。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
沒什麼，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動作從過去某一時間點持續到現在）
— John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been?
他去哪兒了？（答語中使用過去完成時是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“過去
的過去”）
當堂複習+考試：請教師給學員留出5分鐘消化以上內容。
1、過去完成時用法：
2、過去完成時與現在完成時的區別：
第36課：過去完成時--知識精講
五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區別
雖然這兩種時態都表示過去發生的動作或存在的狀態，但在使用時應注意以下幾點：
1. 時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強調“過去的過去”；而一般過去時只強調過去某一特定的
時間。試比較： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 當兩個或兩個以上接連發生的動作用 and 或 but 連接時，按時間順序，只需用一般過去時來
代替過 去完成時；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導的從句中，由於這些連詞本
身已經表示出 時間的先後，因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。
如： I (had) called her before I left the office.
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
六、重要總結和反思
已經有了一個過去一般時表示在過去發生的動作，為什麼還有過去完成時呢？要記住：過去完成時
的關鍵概念是：假設在過去發生了兩件(或以上)的事件，一件是A事件，另一件是B事件，如果A、
B兩個事件幾乎是同時發生的，那就用一般過去時；但是，如果A、B兩個事件不是同時發生的，怎
麼辦呢？那就是：哪個事件先發生，就用過去完成時；哪個事件後發生，就用過去時。在上面的假
設中，如果A事件先發生，A就用過去完成時；如果B事件先發生，B就用過去完成時；而不管兩
件事是用什麼樣的時間狀語或其它形式表示的。 請看例句：
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.……said…… had never been to (先沒有“去”，後“說”)
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.…arrived……had run away. (先“跑”了，後“到”)
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. had hoped ……would come……didn't (先“希望”，
後才發生“沒去”)
在上面的五個例子中，都包含著兩個在過去發生的事件。必定有一件事是發生的，另一件是後發生的： 過去完成時的難點在於：有時候一句話中並沒有出現兩個事件，因此無法比較兩個事件的先後。那為 什麼也用過去完成時呢？請看下面的例句：
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
實際上，在上面的例句中，仍然有著“先、後”之分的。不過，這次不是A、B兩件事件的先後，而
是有兩個過去時間的“先、後”關係。
首先，句子中有個明確的過去時間點：12歲。說他“12歲”，顯然是過去式。那麼，緊接著說“他已經開始謀生 了”，這個“謀生”是發生在“12歲”時，還是“12歲”前，還是“12歲”後？答案是肯定的：他的“謀生”發生在“12歲”之前!也就是說，“12歲”已經是一般過去時，而在“12歲”之前發生的事，當然是過去完成時。
所以，在那麼多表示時間狀語的詞中，大家要特別注意By、 Until等的用法。可以說，在講述過去的事件中，如
果出現By……時間狀語，很有可能要用過去完成時了。(當然，我說的是很有可能。) 類似的時間表達方式還有Until、
Before等。只要大家把握了過去完成時的基本含義，不管句子怎麼變化，應該沒有多大的問題。
Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six month.
此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有個明確的過去時間點"then"(那時)，而"hadn't heard"
發生在then之前(包括then)。所以此句用的是過去完成時。
當堂複習+考試：請教師給學員留出5分鐘消化以上內容。
1、過去完成時與一般過去時的區別：
2、重要總結和反思：
第37課：過去完成時--大閱兵
一、單選題
( )(1)The police found that the house _______and a lot of things_________.
A. has broken into, has been stolen B. had broken into, had been stolen
C. has been broken into, stolen D. had been broken into, stolen
( )(2)By the end of this century, we__ ours into a strong modern country.
A. will build B. had built C. have built D. will have built
( )(3)We _________the work by six yesterday evening.
A. finished B.would finish C. had finished D. had been finishe
( )(4)I _________to help you but couldn’t get here in time.
A. want B. had wanted C. have wanted D. was wanting
( )(5) Mrs. Wu told me that her sister___________.
A. left about two hours before B. would leave about two hours before
C. has left about two hours ago D. had left about two hours before
( ) (6)When I reached home, my parents __________their supper.
A.are having B.have already had C.have had D. had already had
( ) (7)It seems that the old man _________something important.
A.has lost B. had lost C. lost D. would lose
( ) (8)She __________in this school ________the past ten years.
A.was teaching, since B. had been teaching, since
C.would teach, for D. has been teaching, for
( ) (9)Did you see Xiao Li at the party? No, ______by the time I arrived.
A she’d left B.she's left C. She was left D.she must leave
( )(10)The job proved to be much more difficult than I______.
A. expect B.expected C. would expect D.had expected
( ) (11)We couldn’t catch up with the others because they _____too long before us.
A.started B.were starting C.have started D.had started
( ) (12)She felt anxious about her son as she ________for quite a long time.
A.haven't heard him B. hadn’t heard him
C.haven‘t heard from him D. hadn’t heard from him
( ) (13)By the time the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners_______.
A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating
( ) (14)By the end of next July this building__________.
A. will be finished B. will have finished
C. will have been finished D. had been finished
( ) (15)By the time the war ____, most of the people had left.
A.was began B. was broken out C.broke out D. had been broken out
( ) (16)If she ______harder, she would have succeeded.
A. had worked B. have worked C. should work D. worked
( ) (17)I wish ______I you yesterday.
A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see
( )(18)He is talking so much about America as if he _______ there.
A. had been B.has been C. was D. been
( ) (19)That dinner was the most expensive meal we___.
A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had
( )(20)When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set of C. had left D. had been away
( )21．I lost the book I ＿＿＿＿．
A．have bought B．bought C．had bought D．had been bought
( )22．The bus had gone when I ＿＿＿＿ at the bus stop．
A．have arrived B．arrived C．had arrived D．am arriving
( )23．Tom ＿＿＿＿ of visiting his grandmother，but the bad but the bad weather made him
change his mi．
A．has thought B．thought C．had thought D．had been thought
( )24．—Did you meet Tom at the airport？
—No，he ＿＿＿ by the time I ＿＿＿ there．
A．has left；got B．had left；arrived C．left；arrived D．left；had got
( )25．—Why didn't Tom attend the meeting yesterday？
—He ＿＿＿＿ Beijing．
A．has gone to B．had gone to C．went to D．had been to
( )26．—I ＿＿＿＿ to come to help you． —But you didn’t come．
A．have meant B．had meant C．meant D．will mean
( )27．Finally Mary was admitted by Beijing University，for which she＿＿＿ five times．
A．had tried B．was trying C．has tried D.tried
( )28．—I have bought you the books you want．
—Oh，good，I ＿＿＿ afraid you had forgotten．
A．was B．am C．had been D．have been
( )29. When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____already ____to hospital.
A has; been sent B had; sent C has; sent D had; been sent
( )30. We ____five English songs by the end of last term.
A had learned B learned C have learned D will have learned
( )31. Han Mei told me she _____lunch, so she was very hungry.
A has had B hasn't have C have had D hadn't had
( )32. By the end of 1976, many buildings _____built in the city.
A have been B have C had been D will
( )33. She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home.
A has left; comes B had left; would come C had left; came D left; had come
( )34. He said that it was at least ten years since I _____a good drink.
A had enjoyed B was enjoying C have enjoyed D have been enjoying
( )35. The meeting _____when Mr. Wang _____to school.
A has begun; get B has been on; get C had begun; got D had been on; got
二、填空題
1 When I returned home, he _____ (leave).
2 By ten yesterday evening, she ________(finish)writing.
3 He ______ (study) English for five years before he came here.
4 It ____ _____ (stop) raining when I wake up this morning.
5 I _____ (not read) the book because I had read it before.
6 She said she____ (be) born in 1992.
7 When he _____(come) to China two years ago he found people didn't understand him at all though he ________(learn) some Chinese in his own country.
8 I saw Han Mei yesterday. We _____(not see) each other since left Beijing.
9 When I got to his home, he_____(go) to bed.
10 She asked if Mr. Liu _____ already _____(come) back.
當堂複習+考試：請教師給學員留出5分鐘完成以上內容。
1錯題是那幾個？為什麼錯的？把原因找出來。用紅筆把錯題畫出來。課後複習三次。
2 本課堂你學會的知識點有哪些？請和老師一起口述3次。
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