如何提高雅思寫作成績?

用戶101244058754


我是今日頭條的英語萬能王老師,給你一些關於如何提高雅思寫作的學習建議供你參考。

1.提高雅思寫作詞彙量。

買一本雅思寫作專業詞彙書,包括大作文及小作文的分類詞彙,進行定期的背誦以便有效地提高詞彙量,把背誦的單詞及短語運用到雅思作文裡。

2.背誦高分英語句型。

積累和整理一些實用的高分句型,通過造句的形式來掌握句型結構,要達到會舉一反三,同時造的句子最好能用到作文裡。

3.系統掌握雅思語法知識。

把雅思寫作裡所涉及考查的語法知識進行歸納總結,進行有效地運用。特別是被動語態及定語從句的用法必須掌握。只有寫出沒有語法錯誤的高質量句子才能獲得高分。

4.熟悉雅思寫作的考題。

把雅思寫作所考查的考題進行整理,然後進行有效地分析與練習,爭取把每種題型及題目都練習一遍,以達到熟能生巧的結果。

5.背誦雅思寫作高分範文。

把高分範文裡經典用法背會,可以有效地提高寫作能力,再結合自己獨特的寫作想法和思路進行創作,寫出來的文章就會獨一無二。

最後,希望以上關於如何提高雅思寫作的學習建議可以幫到你。謝謝!





英語萬能王


雅思教學8年,分享下我的經驗,希望可以幫助到你。

對於大多數中國考生來說,在中國考場(除港臺)雅思寫作6分是一個比較難突破的瓶頸。這不僅僅是因為大陸的考官會壓低中國考生的分數,而且也是因為受傳統英語教育的限制,大多是同學習慣以三段式的寫作形式已經學習如何將一句話變成一段話來湊字數,從而在網上找許多四六級的套句,而這種習慣在雅思考試中是不倡導的。考官們比較傾向於文字簡潔地道有條理,以及有批判性思維的文章

,因此,要想拿到比較理想的分數,我們可以這樣準備。

雅思作文分為兩部分,小作文(Task1)和大作文(Task2),兩者分別佔考試分數比例的三分之一和三分之二,因此在考試中我們一般先寫大作文後寫小作文,而且一定要看清答題紙再寫。對於寫作考試,首先要了解的就是答題結構,無論大作文小作文,首段只要兩到三句簡單交代背景,改寫題目,表明觀點或寫整體趨勢即可,切勿贅述。

小作文有一下幾種題型,圖表題(包括折線圖,柱狀圖,餅圖,表格,以及混合圖表),流程圖,以及地圖題。今年考試地圖題的頻率劇增,四月五月先後出了三次地圖題。

小作文的要求就是考生不可以僅僅是將文章中的數據羅列出來或將地點及流程造句。考官要看到的是數據與數據之間得到比較以及地點的變化,要做到看到考生的作文,腦子裡能出現一個圖表大概的框架。

①考生可以先參考OG裡面的評分標準,瞭解期望分數所要達到的要求,參考劍橋4-12書後的考官範文,瞭解不同分數要達到的信息整合能力。

②要背誦一些有關變化以及趨勢的詞彙,例如:an upward trend 上升的趨勢,fluctuation 波動等等,具體詞彙以及詞組可以參考《顧家北手把手教你雅思寫作》,裡面會有詳盡的整理以及大約在7-8分的範文供大家參考。

③最重要的是自己要親手寫作文,寫完之後看如果只看自己的作文,是否能想到圖形的大體輪廓及趨勢。大作文分類較多,涉及的領域也比較多,常考的有教育類,政府職能類,藝術類等等。

因此,要想在考場短短四十分鐘內要想出自己的觀點以及讓步段,就要求我們平時積累相應的話題範圍的可用到的詞夥以及可用到的雙方觀點。具體書目也可以參考《顧家北手把手教你雅思詞夥》,可以背誦書後詞夥並常常運用。同時,我們可以通過多看題,刷機經,對於今年就要考試的同學,可以多刷14,15年的機經,可能會出重複的題目。這就是短時間提高分數的方法。

然而,刷機經並不是讓我們把作文完整的寫出來,可以先想中文的觀點以及自己要用的詞彙,對於不熟不會的詞夥進行積累即可,有一些比較難的題目可以寫成作文,讓專業老師進行客觀的批改,看自己想的觀點是否正確。

總之,對於雅思寫作這種輸出性科目,我們要不斷的積累,多看題目多寫作文,通過不斷的批改與修正才能進步。

好了,就說這些吧,希望可以幫助到你。


specialA特優生


如何科學有效備考雅思寫作,達到提高雅思寫作成績的目的?

  我醒著的時候,我在寫雅思作文我睡著的時候,夢裡還在寫雅思作文被雅思寫作支配,我好累拿什麼拯救你,我的禿頭?

  這些應該是所有為雅思寫作而頭痛的考鴨們的感想所以,今天小文就來給大家治一治“禿頭”的根吧!

自我介紹:Viven,做過語言培訓老師,當過留學顧問;託福110+、雅思8分、詞彙量2W。任何出國語言學習均可諮詢,誰讓自己“優秀”呢!嘻嘻
文中福利 附:最客觀的雅思寫作書籍推薦

  你真的瞭解雅思寫作嗎?

  充分了解雅思寫作考試的最好的途徑:

  雅思中文官方網站(網站上的視頻可以幫助你熟悉雅思的考試機制、流程、注意事項等等。)

  對於寫作考試而言,熟悉雅思寫作的評分標準非常重要,瞭解7分作文對於寫作任務、連貫與銜接、詞彙、語法的具體要求。建議結合文字版評分標準和官方視頻一起去了解。

  複習資料該怎麼準備?

  雅思複習資料的選擇應儘量有針對性,市面上各類雅思寫作的複習資料有很多,所以烤鴨們在備考前進行一個水平測試(如果需要可以私信獲取免費水平測試哦)是很有必要的,才能瞭解到自己的薄弱項。

  文文在這裡推薦以下的書籍資料作為複習資料的參考:

  ①《顧家北手把手教你雅思寫作》這本書對於雅思寫作中常見的語法問題歸納非常清楚,尤其對於基礎語法知識比較薄弱的同學,可以快速提高寫作的準確性。書中的語法修改例句,有很多常見的中國學生語法錯誤可以參考。

  ②《慎小嶷十天突破雅思寫作》這本書對於小作文的結構講解非常準確,尤其是小作文中的句式、詞彙概括非常到位,具有較高的可模仿性,對於小作文沒有思路、缺乏基本詞彙的考生來說可以起到很好的基礎知識梳理。

  ③《Simon'sIdeasforIELTSTopics》這本書將雅思作文涉及到的24個topics可以用來闡述的idea做了梳理,對於缺乏話題相關素材的考生來說有很好的作用。但是Simon原文中的idea都是很長的一個句子,而且很多觀點出現重複,所以考生在使用時,可以將idea進行分類,把相關詞彙串聯記憶,可以快速提高idea的拓展。

  ④Simon範文+Panda老師範文+劍橋真題範文研究範文尤其是官方範文才能更清晰的瞭解什麼樣的範文能拿到好的分數,其中的邏輯是如何展開的?如何遣詞造句?如何緊扣題目?......很多在考試中容易忽視的問題,都可以通過對範文的解讀做到很好的瞭解。

  如何合理利用複習資料?如何科學備考雅思寫作?

  🔺小作文

  在分析小作文範文時,一定要記下每一種題型小作文的寫法,是靜態還是動態,哪些內容在對比比較,如何概括特徵的,中間的銜接是如何做到的,儘量選擇有考官寫過範文的題目進行練習,然後可以和範文進行對比分析。

  Task1國內書籍推薦:《慎小嶷十天突破雅思寫作》

  書中對於小作文的寫作介紹更是精確到了每句話的寫作,雖然很好操作,但難免會給考官留下生搬硬套的感覺,所以文文建議對於基礎不是很好的同學或者急於出分且分數要求在6分或者6.5分的同學,可以嘗試慎小嶷所推薦的寫法,更易模仿。

  而想要在大陸考到寫作7分以上,需要更多學習nativespeaker的表達.

  Task1範文合集推薦:Simon的小作文

  它最大的特點在於語言的精煉簡潔,文章結構相對比較固定。(四段式,首段改寫題目,第二段概括圖表主要特徵,第三段和第四段進行細節描寫,對於學生來說很好運用)

  其次語言的豐富性和靈活性比較高,尤其是對於比較句型的運用很準確,很值得借鑑。

  🔺大作文

  雅思寫作是學術寫作,所以一定要背學術詞彙,以防考試時寫的過於口語化。平時通過任何渠道接觸到的搭配(範文,外媒外刊,外文網站等)都可以記錄下來,經常複習,寫作文時用上,保證不會錯。

  注意👀:如果你要用的某個搭配是自己根據中文翻譯過來的,很可能在nativespeaker那兒是不這麼用的哦。

  範文運用推薦:

  Panda老師的範文,條理性很強,有條有理的作文是比較容易高分的。

  範文精髓在於它的思路,要去總結分析對比自己作文與範文之間的差距,可以從四項評分的角度去對比,然後模仿,最後把它變成自己的東西,而不是生搬硬套。

  例如:

  對於文章的論證,可以參考範文,寫作中文提綱,然後根據提綱先寫出每一個主體段的主旨句,開頭和結尾段。確定無誤後,再開始逐步構思主體段拓展論證的內容,緊扣段落主旨來舉例和論證,例子要簡單扼要,並且要和觀點的論證有機融合,形成完整的舉證質證的論證結構。

  模考反饋修改的重要性

  模考就是嚴格按照考試時間,考試格式,用標準的答題卡限時一小時,完整的寫完兩篇作文。

  每週至少得寫2篇作文,使用網上作文修改服務或者找雅思老師批改,收到後一定要按照修改意見重寫一遍。因為不重寫你根本不知道自己錯在哪裡,分析是語法問題還是寫跑題了還是論述方法錯誤。不動筆多寫或者只寫不改,都只是在不斷的重複錯誤而已,是很難提高的。

  


文文外語通



練習的方法主要可以歸納為三點:1、找了解雅思的學生進行修改,總結自己的優缺點,提高寫作質量;2、有條件的可以找外教進行修改;3、自己寫完之後,和範文進行對比,找出自己的缺點不足,以及語法錯誤。


接下來跟你說下雅思寫作能力提高的方法,你可以參考提升下:

1、豐富詞彙。擴大和豐富自己的詞彙量,是寫作能力提升的基礎

2、要重視閱讀,做大量的閱讀,廣泛的閱讀可以開闊視野,豐富知識,增加語感,為寫作提供必要的語言材料。特別是可以精讀一些內容貼近現實生活,貼近中學生生活實際的文章,這類文章一般篇幅比較短,文字淺顯易懂,語言比較規範

3、加強背誦。閱讀文章的時候,可以將文章中一些經典的句型、短語,還有片段,可以背誦,寫作的時候,可以作為素材

4、整理收錄一些材料。在閱讀時,要注意收集寫作中經常要用到的各種材料,隨手記錄,整理分類,多讀多看看,在寫作時,可以靈活運用

5、多寫多練。通過反覆的寫作實踐,可以提升自己的寫作能力。


以上是我的一點經驗回答,希望對你有幫助!


小小侃留學


其實英文寫作包括雅思作文/託福作文/四六級考研作文其實都很簡單,歸根結底就兩個要素,那就是有素材(有話說)能正確表達(語法沒問題)。

當然第一個有素材有話說其實跟英語能力沒有任何關係,因為有些同學給一個題目給他讓他用中文寫篇論文他都無話可說,所以也就是為什麼中文系學生的寫作一般都容易出高分的原因,因為他有話說且能有邏輯的說出來。

先具體給大家講更英語能力切實相關的語法問題要怎麼提高。因為你語法沒問題,其實就是將你的累積的素材翻譯出來展示出來即可。

但很多同學走了很多彎路,看過很多同學捧著一本厚厚的高中語法書在啃在看卻沒有動筆具體去寫一句話一段話。

其實雅思考察的語法遠沒有我們高中語法那麼細那麼糾,最怕的是學生越學越難,學習關鍵在於用最簡單的方式學。

啃書也是最不可取最事倍功半的事情,練習的都是和雅思寫作相關話題的句子,這樣既提高了語法也積累了相關的素材,一舉兩得。同時也會把同類項合併這樣學生就可以舉一反三避免重複犯錯,比如動詞ing做主語是很多同學忽略的點,如:taking a gap year develops students' independence and widens their views. doing part time jobs negatively influences students' academic performance and waste their time. 通過同類項訓練學生就會知道動詞要變成ing才能做主語,動詞ing做主語時謂語動詞應該是單數形式。

如果你想自學,程序如下:首先分析這句話的語法結構,即什麼是主語,什麼是謂語,什麼是賓語,哪裡用了定語從句等;然後,再記相關的英語詞夥表達,記住一定要記憶,寫作要好是肯定需要強記一些詞彙的;再然後,詞彙會了,就是將其拼湊成一個句子。

最後,將自己的句子和參考答案的句子進行對照,找出錯誤搞清楚原因,再重新寫一遍。建議隔一天再進行重複測試,即看著中文直接寫成英語句子,看是否完全掌握,隔天測試更能找出語法知識的盲點。


學霸


雅思寫作對於大多數考雅思的考生來說一直是一件令人頭疼的事,看不懂題目,不會分析圖片,沒內容可寫等等。下面就來說說雅思寫作有什麼技巧,大家千萬別錯過。

一.表達切題

雅思寫作當中“切題”的含義是首尾要和題目當中的要求有所鏈接,並且也允許考生們泛泛而談。考生們無需要開頭或者結尾處考慮觀點是否嚴謹,所表達的思想是否深刻,只要能夠達到“切圖”,並且重點在於展現自己文章當中的思考邏輯即可。雅思寫作重點考察的事語言表達能力,而非深刻的思維能力,很多雅思題目本身就包括了很廣泛的含義,考生們無法在短時間內用短短的幾句話解釋清楚,也是考官們能夠理解的,所以考生在開頭和結尾時,只要確保沒有明顯的邏輯錯誤和正確的語法表達即可。

二.句式連貫性

句式連貫性的主要要求就是:在雅思寫作的正文當中,段與段、點與點都是需要一些邏輯連接詞的,這樣才能確保文章的連貫性。句式的連貫性也是考生們比較容易達到的一個標準,只要在日常雅思寫作時,總結一些比較高質量的連接詞,並且練習至能夠靈活使用即可。而文章的結構可以使用開頭段+主體段(正反觀點和反方觀點兩個段落)+結尾段,這也是很多模板當中會套用的一個高分模板。

三.短語背誦

一提及雅思寫作詞彙的選擇,很多考生就認為是背誦大量的單詞,其實並不是的。雅思寫作不僅是一種傳遞思想的途徑,也是詞彙的選美與堆砌,所以在日常背誦單詞的時候,小編建議考生直接背一些比較好的短語或者例句,這樣省去了詞彙搭配不當的劣勢,也直接節省了考生很多思考的時間,對於文章的起點也大大拉高了。

四.語法準確

雅思寫作的過程中,考生們可以保證句式結構的多樣性就已經成功了一半,例如全篇文章當中可以有以下句式結構:名詞性從句、定語從句、倒裝句、狀語從句、虛擬結構等,另外一半則在於這些句式結構的語法規則。想要得高分,語法結構不允許有大錯誤出現,但是小錯誤能避免的考生又該避免,總之,句式多樣化以及語法結構的準確性也是考生們拿高分的關鍵。


學果網教育平臺


只要做好下面3件事,雅思寫作提高不是難事。

1. 買書。準備慎小嶷的《十天突破雅思寫作 劍13版》,快速掌握雅思寫作思路、積累地道的表達和詞彙,同時書裡講的通用的套路,可以覆蓋任何話題的寫作思路。

2. 練習。《劍橋雅思官方指南》裡面有總結好的雅思寫作幾大題型,先一睹為快。相信每一位考鴨手裡都有劍橋雅思全套真題,從中挑選真題進行寫作(記住一定要做好倒計時,模擬真實的寫作場景,即使寫得再爛也要在倒計時結束時停筆)。

3. 批改。在淘寶上購買英語同桌的雅思寫作批改(非常便宜18.8~38.8元一篇),把寫好的每一篇大作文和小作文上傳進行批改。英語同桌上的老師為清一色雅思外教,效率高、效果好。把批改建議學習吸收後在同一類型裡重新挑一個話題再寫一篇,把批改建議進行實際應用。然後再進行下一種類型的寫作和批改。堅持每天1~2篇,20天時間便可搞定7分及7分以內的雅思寫作。





八子私塾


要想提高寫作成績,其實很簡單,一是學習範文,二是改作文

需要的工具和書籍:9分達人寫作,機經


一,學習範文並不是要我們去背範文,而是學習那些滿分範文是怎樣論證自己的觀點的,有什麼套路可以學習。其次裡面的句型要好好積累,比如開頭句和結尾句怎麼展開,中心句,銜接詞等。


二,練習和批改作文,直接拿真題上手,寫完之後先自己改,看看自己能不能發現自己的錯誤,改個兩三遍之後。讓老師或者網上的作文批改網改,看看自己經常犯哪些錯誤,下次寫的時候避免


對於語法問題,建議平時不管是寫的時候還是讀的時候嘗試分析長難句,看看是句法不會還是詞法不會。然後再問老師或者查找語法書糾正自己的錯誤觀念。


更多的方法看這裡


米粒瞎叨叨


對於中國考生來說,雅思考試聽、說、讀、寫四項,最難拿分的就是寫作和口語。雅思寫作之所以難,不是因為考生的詞彙量不夠,使用句型簡單,而是因為中國考生的寫作邏輯非常混亂。

中國考生的雅思寫作分數普遍都在5.5-6分,7分以上的作文就算是好作文了。那麼,雅思寫作的打分標準究竟是怎麼樣的呢?用簡單的語言概括就是:4分以下是什麼都不會;4-5分是能成篇;5-5.5分是語法、單詞基本沒錯誤,不偏離題意;6分以上是邏輯比較清晰,切題,可以自圓其說;7分以上是邏輯清晰,論據充分。



那麼,怎樣才能做到邏輯清晰,論據充分,自圓其說呢?當我們寫雅思大作文的時候,拿到題目之後,第一件事情就是要想清楚自己的論證方式和論據。想清楚以後,我們在論證的時候儘量採取:主題句+支持句1+支持句2+再次點明主題句的形式展開。

其中,主題句就是自己的觀點句,支持句1用來表明why或者what,支持句2用來進一步解釋支持句1,通常表明how。舉個例子來說,當我們講述老年人口數量多的disadvantages時,其中一段論證段的主題句就可以是:老年人口數量多對就業產生壓力。支持句1就要解釋為什麼會對就業產生壓力,對什麼產生壓力,產生什麼樣的壓力。支持句2要說明產生這種就業壓力的危害是什麼。當然,如果你的雅思作文只想拿到6分,那麼支持句2就可以不用展開,只需要寫:主題句+支持句1+再次點明主題句。

雅思作文不是看你使用的詞彙水平,是否使用複雜句,往往高分作文很多都是運用的簡單語法和詞彙。所以我們在背單詞時,不需要選擇那些看起來高大上的詞彙,簡單實用的詞彙就ok。我們在積累詞彙時,儘量分成不同的主題去記,比如:環境類詞彙、老年類詞彙、藝術類詞彙等。我們在背單詞時,如果遇到不認識或者不太瞭解用法的詞彙,最好選擇查詞典。在這裡,我推薦一個app“韋氏詞典”。韋氏詞典裡沒有對單詞的中文註釋,它會給你英文的解釋、同義詞和例句,我們就可以在作文裡將單詞展開來寫,充實自己的內容。


如果想在雅思作文中使用複雜句,其實只需要記住幾個通用的句子就行。當我們在閱讀範文時,有些開頭、結尾和觀點句都可以摘錄下來,變成自己的東西。很多看起來高大上的句子,其實只需要我們改變裡面的幾個單詞,就可以在任何主題的作文中使用。我們只需要記住這些經典的句子,不需要使用那些花裡胡哨的句子,從而展現自己高水平的語法。不怕你不會用複雜語法,就怕你因為過分自信而用錯了。

我們在備考時,還要注意以下幾點:

1、每個主題,每種類別都要精讀並積累一篇範文。選擇兩三篇最好的範文,背下來,掌握住它的文章結構。

2、不同主題的作文自己都要寫一遍,並將時間控制在考試範圍內,提前進入考試狀態,以防真正考試時來不及。

3、積累兩三種作文開頭和結尾就ok。在考試時,開頭要在2-3分鐘寫完,給自己寫中間的部分留出充足時間。
總之,雅思作文寫好不難,寫不好也不難。我們在寫作文時,不需要使用太過華麗的句子和詞彙,只要把自己的邏輯理清楚,將考官當作一個小朋友,把所有觀點都解釋清楚,讓他明白你的意思就可以拿到好的成績。


一朵美膩的霸王花


你好,我是創洋移民的洋洋。很高興能夠回答你的問題。


首先詞彙量洋洋就不多說了,根據洋洋之前的文章,你可以看看你需要達到多少詞彙量。

其次比較重要的是論述,論述重在邏輯,邏輯的表現就是邏輯連接詞。靈活而不重樣地使用這些詞彙,即代表著語法的遊刃有餘,也代表著邏輯的清晰明瞭。


***********PART 1邏輯連接詞***********

###1.1 讓步###

1. Despite+n/ving = in spite of 儘管. (不能加句子)

Despite the fact that + 句子(太累贅)

Despite myself, … 情不自禁地…

Her words were so satirical(諷刺的)that I lost my temper in spite ofmyself。

2. Although(更書面)= though(更口語) =even if (即使,更偏假設性)=eventhough(雖然,更偏事實性)+句子

注:不能與but連用。

Devoted though we are to prosperity and freedom, we cannot shakeoff the judgmental strand of justice.用倒裝

3. No matter how/what/who等= 疑問句+ever

No matter who/Whoever you are, you must keep the law.

注意:疑問句+ever 可以引導名詞性從句

Whoever(≠ no matter who)comes will be welcome.

4. …, as long as…

You can do what you want, as long as you like.

5. 名詞/表語/動詞+ as(though)倒裝,。。。,表“縱使”

Object as/though you may, I’ll go。

Small as atoms are, they are made up of still smaller units。

Lover of towns as I am, I realize that I owe a debt to my earlycountry life.

6. Whether…or… 正反兩方面,。。。表“不論。。。與否”

Whether you believe it or not, it's true.

You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.

7. Notwithstanding +sth儘管

But notwithstanding its ancient lineage, it is open to thefollowing challenge.

8. albeit 雖然即使

You are to be given one method of communication with your rival,albeit indirect communication.

9. Be原型+主語+表語(n, adj)= whether+主語+be動詞+表語(n,adj)。不論。一文學性強的虛擬語氣,表讓步。

Be it historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system,values and level of development, those countries or regions areoften different from one another.



###1.2 原因###

Since

As

Because

Attribute…to…把。。。歸因於。。。

He attributed the opposition to a deep-seated attitude inmilitary.

The reason why+結果/ that+原因

Greed is the reason why they do not deserve the money.

Sth would explain why …

For this reason

Be due to

Owing to sth 介詞

Owe to sth 動詞

Account for=result in 表示導致

Systematic economic forces account for the disastrous loses.


###1.3 目的###

So

So that

Should law be neutral towards competing conceptions of virtue, sothat people can be free to choose for themselves the best way tolive?

To do sth,…

To answer it, we have to explore the meaning of justice.

In order to

In order to determine who deserves what, we have to determine whatvirtues are worthy of honor and reward.


###1.4 結果###

Accordingly

Therefore

Excessive greed is therefore a vice that a good society shoulddiscourage if it can.

Result in

This outcome will result in children starting bullying youngerones.

Thus

Hence

So

Consequently

As such


###1.5 時間###

When+句子

While+句子

Once+句子,一旦

Once the age of reason is reached, children can be rewarded forgood behavior and discouraged from bad.

As

As we encounter new situations, we move back and forth between ourjudgement and principles, revising each in light of the other.


###1.6 轉折###

However,

Yet 輕微轉折

And yet we worry when judgments about virtue finds their way intolaws.

On the contrary

Rather than. 並不是並沒有, 前後的詞性一樣

This policy might lead them to stay in harm’s way rather than fleeto safety.

Rather than press for maximum advantages, people look out for oneanother.

Instead,

表示對上述方式的完全反轉

Instead, a just society respects each people’s freedom to choosehis or her own conception of the

good life.

Instead of

While

Whereas

Conversely

Nevertheless


###1.7 類比###

just as/like

Similarly,

As …

They have sacrificed as surely, and as honorably, as those who havelost a limb.

The same as

Tourists find this park just the same as the one they visitedpreviously.


###1.8 對比###

While既可以對比相反的東西,也可以對比稍有不同的

Ancient theories start with virtue while modern theories start withfreedom.

By contrast, 對比之下

The virtue argument, by contrast, rests on the judgment that greedis a vice that state should

discourage.

Likewise

Compared with/to

More…than…

On the other hand

By comparison/contrast

In comparison with 介詞

This essay will briefly review the cons and pros of imprisonment incomparison with job training.

Alternatively


###1.9 遞進###

Furthermore

In addition to sth,

In addition to outlining the causes of this problem, this essaywill also propose solutions.

Besides,

In addition,

What’s more

Apart from…

Moreover


###1.10 舉例###

The likes of 就像

Such as

Like

Their purchases of necessities

like safe lodging are forced.

In some instances. 在某些情況中

…is a case in point. 正在點兒上,指例子可以很好地闡述這個觀點

Here is a case where…指出例子

Here is a case where the economy as a whole seemed to outweighconsiderations of fairness.

For instances,

For example


###1.11 假設###

If

If its price is higher, manufacturers will find it worth theirwhile to produce more goods.

Given/provided+名詞, 考慮到、假如

###1.12 解釋,轉述###

In other words,

Prosperity matters, in other words, because it contributes to ourwelfare.

That is, that is to say

i.e.

mean that


###1.13 並列###

And

As well as

關於,至於。

In terms of/ regarding/concerning/ talking about/speaking of/whenit comes to sth/as for/for


###1.14 說明觀點###

###認為/支持/反對

###認為:

Argue that.有“爭論到”之意,用於對陳述相反觀點

Some economists argued that the law was misconceived.

Believe that

Some believed that the exchange of goods should be governed by ajust price.

Acknowledge that.

承認,一般表示某人承認,之後會轉折

I have to acknowledge that it has the advantage of highefficiency.

It is true that…but…用於承認一方後,強調另一方

Maintain that

Defenders of this law maintain that, under certain conditions, thefree market is not truly free.

Hold that

Many people hold that government should be neutral on matters ofvirtue and vice.

Insist that

Those who insist that only bleeding wounds should be count believethat …

Claim that聲稱

The veteran’s group claimed that doing so would “debase” thehonor.

Point out

As he points out, buyers under duress have no freedom.

Be of the opinion that

I am of the opinion that car ownership should be discouraged.

From a personal point of view,..

From a personal point of view, it is essential to reducenon-essential travel.

Conviction,堅信

My firm conviction is that punishment does not has much of a roleto play in this.

Consider…(to be).認為。。。如何

Some people favor abortion rights, and others consider abortion tobe murder.

Whereas some consider it an form of reverse discrimination againstpeople who deserve admission on their merits.

sb’s point is that…某人的意思是

Plato’s point is that to grasp the meaning of justice and thenature of the good life, we must rise above from the prejudices androutines of everyday life.

###支持:

Support

Favor sth/doing sth

The captain favors including mental injuries.

Advocates/defenders/proponents 反對者、支持者

Defend sth捍衛,支持

Some defend affirmative actions in college admissions as a way ofrighting past wrongs.

###反對:

Argue against. 反對

Jeff, a pro-market commentator writing the book Boston Globe,argued against this law.

Reject

反對某種觀點/行為

Jim rejected the notion that these “unconscionable” pricesreflected a truly free exchange.

A civilized country should reject the torture of terrorsuspects.

The argument for or against sth. 對某話題的支持/反對觀點

We should also consider one further argument for this law.

Oppose sth/sb/doing

A veteran’s group opposed awarding the medal for psychologicalinjuries.

Disagree

Citizens of pluralist societies disagree about such things?

Disagree with

Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the givenstatement.

Opponents 反對者,是名詞

Not surprisingly, the opponents of this law invoke these twosimilar arguments for free markets.

###表示優點缺點

advantages and disadvantages

Its advantages overweight its disadvantages.

pros and cons

strengths and weaknesses

merits and demerits

sth do more good than harm

benefits and problems

Even if high prices call forth a greater supply of goods, thisbenefit has to be weighed against the burden such prices impose onthose least to afford them.

On the plus/positive/negative side

On the downside

###做結論

Conclude that.

So we can conclude that ….

In brief/in summary/conclusion

To summarize

###根據

According to/Based on

According to the textbook context, this question divides ancientand modern political thought.

###引出話題

It is said that…據說

It seems that

The focus of … is on sth.

The focus of this essay is on the causes of and solutions to thisproblem.


***********PART 2 重要句式結***********

原則:主謂賓是骨頭,邏輯連接詞是骨頭間的韌帶,其他修飾詞則是肌肉。

名詞從句=名詞

What I am proficient in is ancient Chinese literature.

That’s where he met me.

Those

Those+adj/ving/ved/to v/介詞,代表一類人或物

All those eligible will receive a cash handout.

The new law clearly benefits those earning the most money.

Only 18 percent of those surveyed opposed the idea.

I'm going to sort these old books into those to be kept and thoseto be thrown away.

Have some consideration for those without a job.

Those+從句who(人)/which(物)/whose(表歸屬)/in which(表位置),Those相當於一個名詞

Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in.

We must try to find out those which may be attacked mosteasily.

This disease is more likely to strike those whose immune systemsare already below par.

The poems which he wrote in the countryside are generally agreed tobe those in which he found his true voice.

He who can be a best servant can be a best leader.

在句子中,任何名詞隨時都可以用 ved/ving/介詞/形容詞來修飾,可以使得單句也有複雜結構,卻比定語從句簡單

疑問詞+to+v

I am considering how to manage this assignment But who is to judgewhat is virtue and what is vice?

動詞分詞做定語(ving, ved),可以替代定語從句

His work as a consultant consisted in advising foreign companies onthe siting of new factories.

句子,especially+名詞或者從句. 這樣可以對句子進行更加精確的描述。

Members of a competitive team can always keep them motivated,especially when confronted with tough situation and fiercecompetition.

…, if any. (表示如果有…的話)

State your hypothesis or theory, if any.

What, if anything, should the law do about it?

Rather, 單獨出現表示“更準確的說”

Rather, parents should employ a variety of methods to disciplinetheir children.

用插入語. 補充信息,增強節奏感:兩種形式:逗號或者橫線隔開

But in a market society, the economists observed, prices are set bydemand and supply.

They are no more “special” or “fair” than other prices that marketconditions—including

those promoted by a hurricane—may bring about. 補充信息。

Higher prices have the advantages, economists argued, of limitingthe use of such things by consumers. 轉述說的話時,“某某說”可以做插入語。

Jeff, a pro-market commentator writing the book Boston Globe,argued against this law on similar grounds. 對身份的補充。

Many people, including those who support this law, find the virtueargument discomfiting. 包含的對象的具體說明。

All they ever see is the play of shadows on the wall, a reflectionof objects they can never apprehend. 同位語,用以解釋或者補充前面的名詞

To do sth 作主語

To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish.

By doing sth, … 表示做事的方式途徑

By providing incentives for suppliers to produce more of the neededgoods, it do more good than harm.

副詞開頭,句子。節奏感強

Not surprisingly, the opponents of this law invoke these twosimilar arguments for free markets.

Doing/To do A is not doing/to do B. 做A並不是做B. 表示從反面對A的補充

To acknowledge the moral forces of virtue argument is not to insistit must always prevail over competing considerations.

特殊的定語從句,介詞+which定語從句與介詞的妙用,這需要動詞與介詞本身就是固定搭配

It is about cultivating the attitudes and the qualities ofcharacters, on which a good society depends.

Cannot …without…沒有。。。就不能。。。

Aristotle maintains that we cannot figure out what a justconsideration is without first reflecting of the most desirable wayof life.

主語倒裝句

At the heart of the disagreement are rival conceptions of moralcharacter.

Underlying the phenomenon was a profound reason.

Sth is not (that)…but (that)…,

成分要一致,是。。。而不是。。。

The public’s objection to the bonuses is not that they reward greedbut that they reward failure.

The answer is that moral reflection is not a solitary pursuit but apublic endeavor.

構詞形式:A-被動: 被A。。。的

A market-driven society

A knowledge-based economy

副詞+形容詞

Financially better-off

Do 用於動詞前表示強調

He did want them to take responsibility for their failure.

反問,表示強烈語氣

Couldn’t it be argued that難道不能認為。。。,

How can it be。。 怎麼可能。。

What would sth be if…如果…sth 會怎樣?

With+ved/ving/to do/sth,

動詞分詞前置或者後置:ved, 句子,ving…

Awarded the Noble Prize, Yoyouyou become known by public, makingher the most influential figure of this year.

Confronted with this situation, we…..

Socrates suggests that, having glimpsed the sun, only thephilosopher is fit to rule the cave dwellers, if he can somehow becoaxes into the darkness where they live.

用虛擬語氣(動詞用過去式),表示未發生或者假想發生的事兒

Let us not forget either that…咱們也不要忘記。。。

Let us forget either that traditional products, whether these bemedicines or food, provide employment for local people.


***********PART 3 詞組與句子搭配***********

Include but not limited in sth

We welcome potential candidates including but not limited those whohave affluent experience in education.

Both...and ….(兩者都)

Now women work both before and after having their children.

Either…or…(肯定句中標兩者選其一,否定句中表兩者都不)

Either you or I am wrong.

Neither…nor…(兩者都不)

Neither he nor she is at home today.

The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, butit will never forget what they did here.

There is no such thing as xx. 並沒有這種叫xx的

There is no such thing as a “just price”.

Too…to….太。。。以至於不能。。。

His boss is too hard to get along with.

It is worthwhile/worth one’s while/worth while doing(=worth doing)/to do something(= worthy to do sth).

Be worth+名詞形式(名詞,doing sth)

Be worthy to do sth/ of doing sth

If its price is higher, manufacturers will find it worth theirwhile to produce more goods.

It points out a moral argument worth seriously taking.

Sb get sth done. /sth get done. 表示sth 被怎麼樣。

It is how goods and services get allocated in a free society.

引出問題

The debate about sth raises hard questions of …

Take advantage of 利用使用

Is it wrong for sellers of goods and services to take advantage ofa natural disaster by charging whatever the market will bear?

Not only(simply)…, (but) also…

These questions are not only about how individuals should treat oneanother. They are also about what the law should be, how societyshould be organizes.

More than. 不單單

Over the last decade, the prices more than doubled. But the outrageat this behavior is more

than mindless anger. More than a personal vice, it is at odds withcivic virtue.

The question is … /the problem with… is that問題是

The question is whether, or to what extent, people are free ratherthan forced.

Mean that+從句,mean doing sth意味著

Aristotle teaches that justice means that giving people what theydeserve.

It is … that/to do…

So it is understandable that people are not keen to reward it.

The line between A and B..

The line between success and failure is clear.

Have a hard time doing sth. 艱難地做某事

I have a hard time understanding the public’s furry.

Once and for all一勞永逸

Political philosopher cannot resolve these arguments once and forall.

Turn to doing sth轉而做某事

People turn to buying new brands.

Have access to sth

Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to thesame products.

Tell/distinguish…from…/ Tell/distinguish the difference between Aand B.

Have long been 很早就。。。

There has long been controversy about the negative effects oftravelling by cars

否定或者消極的陳述,let alone …。更不用說。。。

He cannot read an article fluently, let alone write a decentessay.


特別鳴謝:清南


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