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一、冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。
I. 不定冠詞的用法
1
指一類人或事，相當於a kind of
A plane is a machine that can fly.
2
第一次提及某人某物，非特指
A boy is waiting for you.有個男孩在等你。
3
表示“每一”相當於every，one
We study eight hours a day.
4
表示“相同”相當於the same
We are nearly of an age.
5
用於人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事
— Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?
—Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here.
A. 不填 B. a C. theD. one
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷鋒）
6
用於固定詞組中
a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7
用於quite, rather, many, half, what, such之後
This room is rather a big one.
8
用於so(as, too, how)+形容詞之後
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
9
用於抽象名詞具體化的名詞前
success(抽象名詞)→a success(具體化) 成功的人或事
a failure 失敗的人或事 a shame帶來恥辱的人或事
a pity可惜或遺憾的事 a must 必需必備的事
a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知識
II. 定冠詞的用法
1
表示某一類人或物
In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of transportation.
A. a; theB. /; aC. the; aD. the; the
2
用於世上獨一無二的事物名詞前
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3
表示說話雙方都瞭解的或上文提到過的人或事
Would you mind opening the door?
4
用於演奏樂器
play the violin, play the guitar
5
用於形容詞和分詞前表示一類人
the reach, the living, the wounded
6
表示“一家人”或“夫婦”（對比上文的不定冠詞用法5）
—Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please?
—Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village.
A. the; theB. the; aC. /; theD. the; /
7
用於序數詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前
He is the taller of the two children.
8
用於國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前
the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9
用於表示發明物的單數名詞前
The compass was invented in China.
10
在逢十的複數數詞之前，指世紀的某個年代
in the 1990’s(二十世紀九十年代)
11
用於表示度量單位的名詞前
I hired the car by the hour.
12
用於方位名詞，身體部位名詞
He patted me on the shoulder.
III. 不用冠詞（又名零冠詞）的用法
1
專有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前
Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2
名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制
I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?
3
季節，月份，星期，節假日，一日三餐前
March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4
表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前
Lincoln was made President of America.
5
表示球類，棋類等運動的名詞前
He likes playing football/chess.
6
與by連用表示交通方式的名詞前
We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent.
A. the; theB.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填
7
以and連接的兩個相對的名詞並用時
husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8
表示泛指的複數名詞前
Horses are useful animals.
二、名詞和主謂一致
I. 名詞的種類
專有名詞
普通名詞
國名地名人名，團體機構名稱
可數名詞
不可數名詞
個體名詞
集體名詞
抽象名詞
物質名詞
特別注意名詞類別的相互轉換
個體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉換
例 句
意 義
名詞性質
①She held some flowers in her hand.
②The trees are now in flower
花兒
個體名詞
開花
抽象名詞
①Youth is beautiful.
②He is a youth of twenty
青春
抽象名詞
年輕人
個體名詞
①They have achieved remarkable success in their work.
②—How about the Christmas evening party?
—I should say it was a success.
成功
抽象名詞
成功的事
個體名詞
物質名詞與個體名詞的相互轉換
例 句
意 義
名詞性質
①Iron is a kind of metal.
②Please lend me your iron.
鐵
物質名詞
熨斗
個體名詞
①He broke a piece of glass.
②He broke a glass.
玻璃
物質名詞
玻璃杯
個體名詞
①I bought a chicken this morning
②Please help yourself to some chicken
小雞
個體名詞
雞肉
物質名詞
抽象名詞與個體名詞的轉換
具有動作意義的抽象名詞加用與某些動詞（如：have等）連
用，表示某一次短暫的動作
①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.
—Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful
A.some,a B.an,someC.some,someD.an,a
②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名詞）
A.aB.anC./ D.the
③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 話（個體名詞）
A.a B.anC./D.the
類例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look
take a walk/a bathmake an advance(進步)/make an early start(早點出發)
/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(發出痛苦的叫聲) /give a try
表示知識和時間的抽象名詞轉換為普通名詞時可以用來表示
其中的一部分
①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today.
A.a,/ B.the, anC.the, theD. /, the
a knowledge of truth(知道實際情況)
give a fuller knowledge of China(提供關於中國更為翔實的知識)
have a knowledge of shorthand(有速記的知識)
②If there were no examination, we should have______at school.
A.the happiest timeB.a more happier time
C.much happiest timeD.a much happier time
③ is money.
A.The timeB.A timeC.TimeD.Times
抽象名詞轉換為普通名詞可用來表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現象或結
果。這時名詞前往往有形容詞修飾
①Oh, John. _____you gave me!
A.How a pleasant surpriseB.How pleasant surprise
C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise
②She looked up when I shouted.
A.in a surpriseB.in the surpriseC.in surpriseD.in some surprise
其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise
③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.
A.so unusualB. such unusualC.such an unusualD.so an unusual
II. 名詞的數
規則名詞的複數形式：名詞的複數形式，一般在單數形式後面加-s或-es（參看有關語法書）。英語裡有些名詞的複數形式是不規則的，請看下錶
規 則
例 詞
1
改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2
單複數相同
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species
3
只有複數形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4
一些集體名詞總是用作複數
people, police, cattle, staff
5
部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作複數（成員）
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6
複數形式表示特別含義
customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)
7
表示“某國人”
加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
單複數同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-women
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8
合成名詞
將主體名詞變為複數
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
無主體名詞時將最後一部分變為複數
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
將兩部分變為複數
women singers, men servants
III. 主謂一致
規則
情 況
舉 例
語
法
一
致
原
則
以單數名詞或代詞動詞不定式短語，動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式；主語為複數時，謂語動詞
用複數形式。
His father is working on the farm.
To study English well is not easy.
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
What he said is very important for us all.
由what引導的主語從句，後面的謂語動詞多數情況用單數形式，但若表語是複數或what從句是一個帶有複數意義的並列結構時，主句的謂語動詞用複數形式。
what I bought were three English books.
What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.
由連接詞and或both…and連接起來的主語後面，要用複數形式的謂語動詞。但若所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物
時，它後面的謂語就用單數形式。由and 連接的並列單數主語前如果分別有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+單數名詞和由some, any no, every構成的複合不定代詞，都作單數看待。.
Lucy and Lily are twins
The writer and artist has come.
Every student and every teach is in the classroom.
Many a boy and many a girl likes it.
No boy and no girl likes it.
Each of us has a new book.Is everyone here today?
Somebody is speaking in class.Everything around us is matter
若none of 後面的名詞是不可數名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數。若它後面的名詞是複數，它的謂語動詞用單數或複數都可以。
None of the sugar was left.
None of us has (have) been to America.
在定語從句裡，關係代詞that, who, which 等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。
Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.
He is one of my friends who are working hard.
He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.
在強調句型中應與被強調部分一致
It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.
It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.
如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數形式；如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語動詞用複數形式
The police are looking for the lost child.
The cattle are eating grass in the field.
His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)
His family are watching TV.（他的家人）
Class four is on the third floor.（四班）
Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的學生）
由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名詞構成的短語以及由分數或百分數+名詞構成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞的數要根據短語中後面名詞的數而定。
There are a lot of people in the classroom.
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
50 percent of the students in our class are girls.
此外，還有a number of +複數名詞有類似的用法（用複數），但the number of +複數名詞的數就得依number 而定（用單數）。
A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.
The number of pages in this book is three hundred.
在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數應與其後的主語一致
There comes the bus.On the wall are many pictures.
Such is the result.Such are the facts.
Between the two hills stands a monument.
邏
輯
意
義
一
致
原
則
What, who, which, any, more, all 等代詞可以是單數，也可是複數，主要靠意思來決定。
Which is your bag?Which are your bags?
Are any of you good at English?Has any of you got a pen?
All can be done has been done.All is going well.
All have been taken out.All have gone to Beijing.
表示時間重量長度價值等的名詞的複數作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數形式，這是由於作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體。
Thirty minutes is enough for the work..
Twenty pounds is too dear.
如強調這類詞的複數意義，則謂語動詞要用複數形式
Forty kilos of water are used every day.
若英語是書名名格言劇名報名國名等的複數形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數形式。
The United States is smaller than China.
“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
表數量的短語“one and a half”後面接複數名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。
One and a half apples is left on the table.
一些學科名詞是以-ics結尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都屬於形式上是複數的名詞，實際意義為單數名詞，
它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。
The paper works was built in 1990.這家造紙廠建於1990年。
I don’t think physics is easy to study.
trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等詞作主語時，謂語用複數，但如果這些名詞前有a(the) pair of 等量詞修飾時（clothes被a suit of 修飾）謂語動詞用單數。
My glasses are broken.
The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人動詞用複數；若表示某一類東西時，動詞用單數。
The old are taken good care of there.
The beautiful gives pleasure to all.
就
近
/遠
一
致
原
則
當兩個主語由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語保持一致,即就近一致。
Either the teacher or the students are our friends.
Neither he nor they are wholly right.
Neither they nor he is wholly right.
Is neither he nor they wholly right?
there be 句型中be 動詞的單複數取決於其後的主語。如果其後是由and連接的兩個主語，則應與靠近的那個主語保持一致，即就近一致。
There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
主語後面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短語，謂語動詞要跟主語一致，即就遠一致。
Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.
A woman with a baby was on the bus.
Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.
She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.
No one except my teachers knows anything about it.
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