睿丁君薦讀：這篇文章來源於Quora，解釋一個問題：既然小說裡的吸血鬼並不能傷害到我，為什麼我會覺得害怕？既然小說是虛構了，為什麼會對現實中的人產生影響？
不出意外地，回答有點偏題了。你問的並不是你需要知道的，這可能是因為，有時候我們產生了一個疑問，但回答往往並不是唯一的，且這個疑惑可能來源於某部分知識的缺乏。所以說，作者的精彩回答儘管有偏離，但不影響我們去理解——主觀文學對客觀現實的影響。
p.s.中英文對照是為了方便學習，當然如果大多數讀者想要中英文分離，可以提議在評論區。
電影和現實
Because fiction beats reality.
小說勝過現實
Here’s an example.
這裡有一個例子。
Imagine you are the Nazis. You want to kill all the Jews. What is stopping you?
想象你是個納粹，你想殺掉所有的猶太人。什麼阻止了你這麼做？
如果你是納粹，你怎麼實現屠殺猶太人？
Public opinion.
輿論——水也載舟，亦能覆舟。
Yes, even when you’re the Nazis you can’t just do whatever you like. For example, in 1938, the Nazis had carried out a pogrom known as Kristallnacht.
是的，即時你是納粹你也不能隨心所欲。舉個例子，在1938年，納粹製造了一個名叫水晶之夜（Kristallnacht，又譯帝國水晶之夜、砸玻璃窗之夜、碎玻璃之夜、十一月大迫害）的大屠殺。
Kristallnacht 水晶之夜
Hitler regarded it as a political disaster. The brutality of Kristallnacht provoked a massive backlash internationally. Even in Germany there was horror at the violence. The German people were not ready to accept massacres of Jews.
希特勒視之為政治迫害。水晶之夜的殘暴行徑引起了國際社會的強烈反響。即使在德國，人們對暴行也是感到恐懼的。德國人並沒有準備好屠殺猶太人。
So, what did the Nazis have to do?
所以，納粹應該怎麼做？
Change public opinion.
改變輿論。（名不正則言不順）
They needed to produce propaganda that ‘explained the world’ in such a way that rather than the Nazis calling on the German people to attack Jews, the German people themselves would call for violence against Jews.
他們需要以“解釋世界”的名義來進行宣傳，而不是納粹號令德國人去攻擊猶太人。德國群眾會自己呼籲對猶太人實現暴力。
To do that, Hitler wanted to make films that just directly attacked Jews comparing them to things like rats and smallpox (one was made called The Eternal Jew).
為了實現這一點，希特勒意圖製作一部直接攻擊猶太人的電影，把他們比作一種諸如老鼠和天花的可惡東西。（一部叫做《永恆的猶太人》的電影誕生了）
就是這部電影《永恆的猶太人》
Goebbels though was much cleverer. He knew crude attacks wouldn't work, because people just don’t want to watch pictures of rats while someone rants about Jewish inferiority, which is all The Eternal Jew amounted to.
戈培爾就聰明多了。他知道粗魯地攻擊沒有效果，因為人們就是不想看老鼠的照片正如人們抱怨猶太人的劣根性，就是《永恆的猶太人》所有的內容。
Goebbels realised that something more subtle was required, something that got across its antisemitic messages but with an engaging story and popular appeal.
戈培爾意識到需要一些更微妙地東西，一些貫穿著反猶太氣息但是有引人入勝的故事情節，和時下的吸引力。
Which resulted in Jud Süß a movie produced with the express purpose of stoking anti-semitism in the German population, but on the face of it a romantic comedy.
這導致了《一個猶太人的故事》的誕生，在德國人群中煽起了反猶太風，儘管在表面它只是一個浪漫喜劇片。
Jud Süß 一個猶太人的故事
What? How can a romantic comedy result in the Holocaust?
什麼？一部浪漫戲劇如何導致大屠殺？
Because what is the plot of a romantic comedy? Boy meets girl. And then ‘something’ keeps boy and girl apart.
浪漫喜劇的情節是什麼？男孩遇到女孩。然後“一些東西”讓他們分離開。
The something in this case being ‘A Jew’, who also just so happens to be a physically repulsive rapist and murderer who hates non-Jews and wheedles his way into a position of power before being unmasked and destroyed. The film's antisemitic message is integral to the plot and presented dramatically, not as a lecture.
在這個情況下，“一些東西”就是“一個猶太人”，他正好是一個樣貌醜惡的強姦犯和殺人犯，憎恨非猶太人，在被揭露和毀滅之前，通過欺詐的方式謀取權位。這部電影的反猶太信息充斥在整個情節中，並以戲劇性的方式呈現出來，而不是作為一場演講。
Jew Süß premiered at the Venice Film Festival, receiving rave reviews, winning prizes and became a massive box-office success in Germany and abroad.
《一個猶太人的故事》在威尼斯電影節上首映，獲得好評如潮，贏得獎項，並在德國內外獲得巨大的票房成功。
What effect do you think that had? Nothing much, right? It’s just fiction after all.
你認為這能有多大的影響？沒多大，對吧？這畢竟是小說。
Ask yourself, do people decide what they think about Jews by reading White Papers and statistical reports?
問問你自己，人們是通過閱讀白皮書和統計報告來決定他們對猶太人的看法嗎？
No. One fictional portrayal of a dirty Jewish schemer defiling ‘our’ women and getting his comeuppance at the hands of ‘us’ trumps a thousand professors producing reports showing that Jews aren’t causing any problems.
不是，一個骯髒猶太陰謀家玷汙了我們女人，然後在我們手中得到應有的後果，這樣的虛構描述勝過一千名教授的報告稱，表明猶太人沒有造成任何問題。
Fundamentally, this is the logical fallacy of anecdotal evidence, a way of tricking us so common that most people can’t even recognise it.
從根本上說，這是道聽途說的邏輯謬誤，是一種欺騙我們的方式，這種欺騙是如此普遍，以至於大多數人甚至都辨別不出來。
It’s for good reason that Goebbels called fiction the “vanguard of the Nazi military”.
戈培爾稱小說為“納粹軍隊的先鋒”是有充分理由的。
And, finally, you think this doesn’t happen any more?
最後，你認為這不會再發生了嗎?
Ask yourself which countries the bad guys are from in the movies you watch.
捫心自問，在你看的電影裡，壞人來自哪個國家?
Then ask yourself what you know about those countries that doesn’t come from movies.
然後問問自己，你對那些國家真實的人（不是來自電影裡的人）瞭解多少？
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