本信息为E者余生翻译发布，未经许可，请勿转载！
根据今日美国（USA TODAY）Ryan W. Miller在当地时间4月9日下午 1:21报道的消息，研究表明，欧洲旅行者在第一例确诊之前就将新型冠状病毒带到了纽约。
The new coronavirus began spreading in New York weeks before the first confirmed case and came to the area via travelers from Europe, not China, new research suggests.
新的研究表明，新型冠状病毒在第一例确诊病例之前几周已经开始在纽约传播，并通过欧洲而不是中国的旅行者到达该地区。
Two separate teams of scientists studying the genetics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the region came to similar conclusions: People were spreading the virus in New York as early as late January, before more widespread testing began, and it came mostly from Europe, not Asia.
研究该地区SARS-CoV-2病毒基因的两组不同的科学家得出了类似的结论:早在1月底，在更广泛的检测开始之前，纽约就有人在传播这种病毒，而且主要来自欧洲，而不是亚洲。
"We know with certainty that these were coming from European strains," Adriana Heguy, director of the Genome Technology Center at NYU Langone Health, told USA TODAY.
“我们确定地知道它们来自欧洲菌株，”纽约大学朗格尼健康学院基因组技术中心主任阿德里安娜·赫格伊（Adriana Heguy）告诉《今日美国》。
Harm van Bakel, a geneticist at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, told the New York Times: "The majority is clearly European."
西奈山伊坎医学院的遗传学家Harm van Bakel告诉《纽约时报》：“大多数人显然是欧洲人。”
The teams, whose research is still in early stages, looked at genomes of the virus taken from different groups of patients beginning in mid-March and found community spread of the virus before then.
他们的研究仍处于早期阶段，他们研究了从3月中旬开始从不同患者群体中获取的病毒基因组，并在此之前发现了该病毒的社区传播。
The first case of the new coronavirus confirmed in New York came March 1. More than a month earlier President Donald Trump said he would increase restrictions on traveling from China. But it wasn't until March 11 that Trump said he was restricting travel from Europe.
纽约3月1日确诊了首例新冠状病毒病例。一个多月前，唐纳德·特朗普总统表示，他将增加来自中国的旅行限制。但直到3月11日，特朗普才表示要限制从欧洲旅行。
In New York, more than 7,000 people have died due to complications from COVID-19, Gov. Andrew Cuomo said Thursday. Almost 150,000 people have confirmed positive tests for the virus, according to the state's health department.
州长安德鲁·库莫（Andrew Cuomo）周四表示，在纽约，由于COVID-19的并发症而导致7,000多人死亡。根据该州的卫生部门，将近有15万人确认了对该病毒的阳性检测。
As a researcher, Heguy normally focuses on other diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. She said she was looking at work done on sequencing the virus from the University of Washington in Seattle when she got a call from her colleague, Matthew Maurano.
作为一名研究人员，Heguy通常专注于其他疾病，如癌症和心血管疾病。她说，当她接到同事马修·毛拉诺(Matthew Maurano)的电话时，她正在查看西雅图华盛顿大学(University of Washington)对这种病毒进行测序工作。
"It's obvious that this is going to explode and we have no idea where all of these strains are coming from," Heguy said she thought one morning. "The same morning, (Maurano) picks up the phone ... and he said, 'Adriana, I think we need to jump on this thing immediately.'"
“很明显，这是要爆炸，我们不知道所有这些菌株来自哪里，”Heguy说，她一天早上想。“同一天早上，(毛拉诺)拿起电话……他说，‘阿德里亚娜，我认为我们需要马上行动起来。’”
The first patient NYU Langone team studied had no travel history, indicating they were infected by someone in the community. When Heguy and Maurano compared the genetic data of the virus from that patient to other's in an international database, it was clear that strain came from England.
纽约大学朗格尼研究小组研究的第一个病人没有旅行史，这表明他们是被社区里的人感染的。当Heguy和Maurano在一个国际数据库中将该患者的病毒遗传数据与其他患者的进行比较时，很明显该病毒来自英格兰。
"That our first case was community acquired gave us the hint that of course this has been going around for a while and it was just undetected because there was no testing happening before," Heguy said.
Heguy说：“我们的第一个案例是社区获得的，这提示我们当然已经进行了一段时间，并且因为之前没有进行测试而未被发现。”
Since then, the team has tested more than 90 samples and counting from the New York area to better track from which strain of the virus the region's cases are originating.
自那时以来，该团队已经对90多个样本进行了测试，并从纽约地区进行了计数，以更好地跟踪该地区的病例来自哪种病毒株。
Heguy and the team have pinpointed strains originating from European countries, including France, Austria and the Netherlands, in two-thirds of the patients they've conducted genetic sequencing of the virus. Other strains have come from countries in Asia and the West Coast of the U.S., but taken with the results from the Mount Sinai research, Heguy said it's clear that New York's outbreak largely originated from European strains.
Heguy和他的团队已经在三分之二的病人身上找到了来自欧洲国家的病毒株，包括法国、奥地利和荷兰。他们已经对病毒进行了基因测序。其他菌株来自亚洲国家和美国西海岸但从西奈山研究的结果来看，赫基说，很明显，纽约的疫情主要源于欧洲菌株。
The team has also shared its data and relied on results from scientists around the world to determine where the strains are originating through GISAID and Nextstrain, which are building a database and phylogenetic tree of the virus.
该团队还共享了其数据，并依靠来自世界各地的科学家的结果来确定菌株的来源是GISAID和Nextstrain，它们正在建立该病毒的数据库和系统树。
As the coronavirus passes from one person to another, it can mutate, or change its genetic information slightly, Heguy said. By tracking those mutations, scientists are able to locate from what region that strain of the virus originated.
Heguy说，当冠状病毒从一个人传给另一个人时，它可以突变或稍微改变其遗传信息。通过跟踪这些突变，科学家可以找到该病毒株起源于哪个区域。
The Mount Sinai study looked at 90 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from 84 confirmed COVID-19 cases in its health system in New York and found "multiple, independent but isolated introductions mainly from Europe and other parts of the United States from January through early March 2020," the researchers wrote.
西奈山研究观察了来自纽约卫生系统84例确诊covid19病例的90个SARS-CoV-2基因组，发现“从1月到2020年3月初，来自欧洲和美国其他地区的倍数的、单个的但又独立的基因导入，”研究人员写道。
Van Bakel told the Times that his team identified seven distinct lineages of the virus circulating in New York.
范·巴克尔（Van Bakel）告诉《泰晤士报》，他的团队发现了在纽约传播的该病毒的七个不同血统。
"We will probably find more," he added.他补充说：``我们可能会发现更多。''
Without early testing and then sequencing of the virus, though, public health officials weren't able to know where the virus was coming from and who could be at risk before it grew to its current levels, Heguy said.
Heguy说，如果没有对该病毒进行早期测试然后进行测序，公共卫生官员将无法知道该病毒的来源以及谁会在其发展到目前水平之前处于危险之中。
"Every single case of strange pneumonias here in New York, they could have been testing earlier and then do immediately the contact tracing," she said.
她说：“在纽约，每例奇怪的肺炎病例，都可能早先进行检测，然后立即进行接触者追踪。”
Heguy said continuing to collect data and build out a larger sample size will be a next step in the research. Scientists are also hoping to understand the clinical implications of the different strains of the virus. Sequencing the virus' genetic information now will also help in case a second wave were to occur, she said.
Heguy说继续收集数据并建立一个更大的样本将是研究的下一步。科学家们也希望了解不同病毒株的临床意义。她说，现在对这种病毒的遗传信息进行排序也将有助于防止第二波疫情的发生。
"We want to be ready with all the sequences and the mutations in terms of when there's a second wave so that we can effectually do surveillance," Heguy said.
Heguy说：“我们希望在第二波出现时就所有序列和突变做好准备，以便我们可以有效地进行监视。”
閱讀更多 E者餘生 的文章
