java.lang.String 的 + 号操作到底做了什么事情？

2019-12-11 09:31:19 大架構文摘

丶Pz
https://www.cnblogs.com/panzi/p/11956782.html

在之前的面试经历中，对于String的考察还是挺频繁的，大致考察以下几个知识点：

String 常量池
new String()
== 和 equals 的区别
native 方法 String.intern()

虽然面试中大体答对了，但是今天早上微信群里的一个问题我却答不上来，这个问题是这样的：

String str3 = "what";
String str4 = str3 + " a nice day";
//运行时， + 相当于 new，所以堆中会有 "what a nice day"对象，常量池中会有"what"," a nice day"两个对象，而不会有 "what a nice day"对象。
//这句话大佬们看看对不对啊，我怎么感觉不对啊
//常量池不会有"what a nice day" 对象吗？

看完这个问题，说实话我也是有点懵的，我只是知道 "what a nice day"不会在常量池，但是不知道具体的原因，后来群里的同学说 + 号是调用了 StringBuffer 的append 方法。我去证实了，发现确实调用了 append 方法，但是当时没有调用toString()方法，我很疑惑。（最后经过证实，是StringBuilder的append 方法，不是StringBuffer）。

代码验证

public static void main(String[] args) {
 //#1
 String str1 = "what";
 //#2
 String str2 = str1 + " a nice day";
 //#3
 System.out.println("what a nice day".equals(str2));
 //#4
 System.out.println("what a nice day" == str2);
}

现在有以下几个问题，小伙伴们看看是否能答出来，即使答出来了，你知道为什么吗？

str1 存放位置？
str2 存放位置？
结果是 true 还是 false？
结果是 true 还是 false？
"what a nice day" 存放在哪个位置呢？

解答分析（基于JDK1.8）

下面也不靠猜，我们直接查看生成的字节码：

localhost:test didi$ javap -verbose -p Main.class
Classfile /develop/project/string-test/out/production/classes/com/fanpan26/string/test/Main.class
 Last modified 2019-11-29; size 972 bytes
 MD5 checksum 1d1f1a23bfe85c2f88d2f767e8aac314
 Compiled from "Main.java"
public class com.fanpan26.string.test.Main
 minor version: 0 

 major version: 52
 flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
 #1 = Methodref #13.#34 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
 #2 = String #35 // what
 #3 = Class #36 // java/lang/StringBuilder
 #4 = Methodref #3.#34 // java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
 #5 = Methodref #3.#37 // java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
 #6 = String #38 // a nice day
 #7 = Methodref #3.#39 // java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
 #8 = Fieldref #40.#41 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
 #9 = String #42 // what a nice day
 #10 = Methodref #43.#44 // java/lang/String.equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
 #11 = Methodref #45.#46 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
 #12 = Class #47 // com/fanpan26/string/test/Main
 #13 = Class #48 // java/lang/Object
 #14 = Utf8 <init>
 #15 = Utf8 ()V
 #16 = Utf8 Code
 #17 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
 #18 = Utf8 LocalVariableTable
 #19 = Utf8 this
 #20 = Utf8 Lcom/fanpan26/string/test/Main;
 #21 = Utf8 main
 #22 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
 #23 = Utf8 args
 #24 = Utf8 [Ljava/lang/String;
 #25 = Utf8 str1
 #26 = Utf8 Ljava/lang/String;
 #27 = Utf8 str2
 #28 = Utf8 StackMapTable
 #29 = Class #24 // "[Ljava/lang/String;"
 #30 = Class #49 // java/lang/String
 #31 = Class #50 // java/io/PrintStream
 #32 = Utf8 SourceFile
 #33 = Utf8 Main.java
 #34 = NameAndType #14:#15 // "<init>":()V
 #35 = Utf8 what
 #36 = Utf8 java/lang/StringBuilder
 #37 = NameAndType #51:#52 // append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
 #38 = Utf8 a nice day
 #39 = NameAndType #53:#54 // toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
 #40 = Class #55 // java/lang/System
 #41 = NameAndType #56:#57 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
 #42 = Utf8 what a nice day
 #43 = Class #49 // java/lang/String
 #44 = NameAndType #58:#59 // equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
 #45 = Class #50 // java/io/PrintStream
 #46 = NameAndType #60:#61 // println:(Z)V
 #47 = Utf8 com/fanpan26/string/test/Main 

 #48 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
 #49 = Utf8 java/lang/String
 #50 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
 #51 = Utf8 append
 #52 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
 #53 = Utf8 toString
 #54 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/String;
 #55 = Utf8 java/lang/System
 #56 = Utf8 out
 #57 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
 #58 = Utf8 equals
 #59 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
 #60 = Utf8 println
 #61 = Utf8 (Z)V
{
 public com.fanpan26.string.test.Main();
 descriptor: ()V
 flags: ACC_PUBLIC
 Code:
 stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
 0: aload_0
 1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
 4: return
 LineNumberTable:
 line 6: 0
 LocalVariableTable:
 Start Length Slot Name Signature
 0 5 0 this Lcom/fanpan26/string/test/Main;

 public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
 descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
 flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
 Code:
 stack=3, locals=3, args_size=1
 0: ldc #2 // String what
 2: astore_1
 3: new #3 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
 6: dup
 7: invokespecial #4 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
 10: aload_1
 11: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
 14: ldc #6 // String a nice day
 16: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
 19: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
 22: astore_2
 23: getstatic #8 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
 26: ldc #9 // String what a nice day
 28: aload_2
 29: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/lang/String.equals:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
 32: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V 

 35: getstatic #8 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
 38: ldc #9 // String what a nice day
 40: aload_2
 41: if_acmpne 48
 44: iconst_1
 45: goto 49
 48: iconst_0
 49: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
 52: return
 LineNumberTable:
 line 9: 0
 line 11: 3
 line 13: 23
 line 15: 35
 line 16: 52
 LocalVariableTable:
 Start Length Slot Name Signature
 0 53 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
 3 50 1 str1 Ljava/lang/String;
 23 30 2 str2 Ljava/lang/String;
 StackMapTable: number_of_entries = 2
 frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
 offset_delta = 48
 locals = [ class "[Ljava/lang/String;", class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
 stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream ]
 frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
 offset_delta = 0
 locals = [ class "[Ljava/lang/String;", class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
 stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream, int ]
}
SourceFile: "Main.java"
/<init>/<init>/<init>/<init>/<init>/<init>

从Constant pool: 中的信息可以看到，#2 、#6、#9 可以解答上文中的1,5两个问题。

str1 是存放在常量池的
"what a nice day" （非str2）也是存放在常量池的

下面我们看一下 + 操作做了什么事情，可以在Code中看到，该操作调用了 StringBuilder.append 方法

11: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
14: ldc #6 // String a nice day
16: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
19: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;

那么到这里一切都答案都出来了

str2 是存放在堆中
equals 为 true
== 为 false

所以说其实 str1 + " a nice day" 就相当于 new StringBuilder().append(str1).append(" a nice day");

//这两种写法生成的字节码是一样的。
//String str2 = str1 + " a nice day";
String str2 = new StringBuilder().append(str1).append(" a nice day").toString();

而StringBuilder 的toString 方法如下：

@Override
public String toString() {
 // 所以说 str2 其实是一个 new String，是不在常量池里面的。
 return new String(value, 0, count);
}

总结

通过类的字节码可以查看底层具体用什么方式实现，所以说虽然看似一个简单的String问题，其实往深处挖掘还是考察了对生成的字节码的理解。还有，遇到一个问题，不能死记答案，有些人告诉你，+ 操作就是 new 对象，但是具体到底是不是或者为什么是有没有思考过呢？上文中如有错误，欢迎指出。

试一试

/**
 * 以下程序输出的结果是什么？
 * */
public static void main(String[] args) {
 String str1 = "what";
 String str2 = str1 + " a nice day";
 System.out.println("what a nice day".equals(str2));
 System.out.println("what a nice day" == str2);
}

/**
 * 以下程序输出的结果是什么？
 * */
public static void main(String[] args) {
 String str1 = "what a nice day";
 String str2 = new String("what a nice day");
 System.out.println(str1.equals(str2));
 System.out.println(str1 == str2);
}

/**
 * 以下程序输出的结果是什么？
 * */
public static void main(String[] args) {
 String str1 = "what";
 String str2 = str1.concat(" a nice day");
 System.out.println("what a nice day".equals(str2));
 System.out.println("what a nice day" == str2);
 System.out.println("what a nice day"==str2.intern());
}

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