【GRE阅读解析】Passage 40【乡村散记】短文章 详细解析

Buell’s study of village sketches (a type of fiction popular in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s) provides a valuable summary of sketches that portray the community as homogeneous and fixed, but it ignores those by women writers, which typically depicted the diversity that increasingly characterized actual village communities at that time. These women’s geographical mobility was restricted (although women writers of the time were not uniformly circumscribed in this way), and their subject matter reflected this fact. Yet their texts were enriched by what Gilligan, writing in a different context, has called the ability to attend to voices other than one’s own. To varying degrees, the women’s sketches portray differences among community members: all stress differences among men and among women (particularly the latter) as well as differences between the sexes, and some also depict cultural diversity. These writers represent community as dynamic, as something that must be negotiated and renegotiated because of its members’ divergent histories, positions, expectations, and beliefs.


Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

1. According to the passage, village sketches written by women in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s typically reflected

A. the negotiations that characterized trade relationships between villages

B. the fact that these women did not often travel very far beyond their own village

C. the plurality of experiences and ideas that existed among the residents of a village


答案:BC

2. Select the sentence in the passage that contrasts how men and women depicted life in village communities.

答案:第一句。

3. The passage indicates that when Gilligan spoke of “the ability to attend to voices other than one’s own,” she

A. did not consider that ability to be a desirable psychological characteristic

B. did not believe that individuals differ greatly with respect to that ability

C. was implying that that ability enhances a sense of belonging in communities

D. was assuming that good writers are able to depict diverse characters

E. was not discussing the women who wrote village sketches


答案:E

Buell’s study of village sketches (a type of fiction popular in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s) provides a valuable summary of sketches that portray the community as homogeneous and fixed, but it ignores those by women writers, which typically depicted the diversity that increasingly characterized actual village communities at that time.

第1句:比尔对乡村散记的研究(一种在1830年代和19世纪40年代在美国流行的小说)提供了一种将社区描绘为同质且固定的散记的有价值的总结,但它忽略了女性作家的散记,这些散记通常描绘了当时越来越能表现真实村庄社区特征的多样性。

什么是【乡村散记】?——一种在1830年代和19世纪40年代在美国流行的小说。

比尔对乡村散记的研究——比尔研究了乡村散记。注意,他没有自己写乡村散记这样的小说,而是作为研究者,把乡村散记这类文学作品作为研究对象。

比尔对某一类乡村散记提供了有价值的总结。——哪一类?将社区描绘为同质且固定的散记。换句话说,还有别的散记,而它们并没有将社区描绘为同质且固定的。

也就是:比尔的总结不全面,有遗漏。——比尔遗漏了哪些散记?

文章接着说,【但它忽略了女性作家的散记】——【它】指的是比尔的总结。那么,比尔忽略了女作家的散记,只总结了特定的一种散记。所以文章隐藏的信息很明显了:比尔总结的那类散记是谁写的?

不是女作家,那只能是男作家。

真相大白:将社区描绘为同质且固定的散记是男作家写的。

女性作家的散记则通常把村庄描绘得具有多样性。

显然,【同质且固定】和【多样性】是两个矛盾的特征。只可能有一方是对的。

谁是对的?

看看文章是怎么形容女作家指出的【多样性】的——the diversity that increasingly characterized actual village communities at that time当时越来越能表现真实村庄社区特征的【多样性】。也就是说,当时真实的村庄的特征是:变得越来越具备多样性。

所以,女作家的描述是对的,符合现实。反之,男作家的描述违背了现实。

These women’s geographical mobility was restricted (although women writers of the time were not uniformly circumscribed in this way), and their subject matter reflected this fact.

第2句:这些女性的地域流动受​​到限制(尽管当时的女性作家并没有被这种方式统一限制),她们的主题反映了这一事实。

这些女作家的地域流动受​​到限制——也就是说,在1830s and 1840s那个时代,女作家作为女人不怎么能出远门,更不要说云游四海见多识广了;不过,不是所有女作家都受到了同等程度的限制,可能有些人受到的限制少些,能走得远一点。

她们不怎么能到处走这个事实,从她们书的主题也看得出来。——为什么呢?

很简单,很显然女性作家因为不能出远门,就只有家里/村里那一点小世界,所以写的主题都是家长里短这点事,写不了别的东西。

Yet their texts were enriched by what Gilligan, writing in a different context, has called the ability to attend to voices other than one’s own.

第3句:然而,她们的文本被吉利根写在不同的语境中、称作那种能够关注自己以外的声音的能力所丰富。

联系上句一起看。【尽管女作家其实是面临不利限制的,但是……】

【但是】后面显然是赞扬。作者要表达的意思是:虽然面临不利条件,女作家仍然做出了超越同时代男作家的成就/体现出了优点。

具体什么成就/优点?

一个叫做吉利根的人提出,有一种很好的能力,叫做【能够关注自己以外的声音的能力】。她们的文本被这种能力所丰富。——也就是说,女作家们的作品体现出了这种好能力。这就是优点。

【能够关注自己以外的声音的能力】。这个抽象表达是啥意思?——回想一下,文章也没说女作家别的优点,唯一的优点不就是女作家正确地描绘了村庄的真实特征的嘛。

所以,女作家相比男作家的优点是:能看到真实的现实;男作家相比女作家的缺点是:没看到现实,他们描绘的村庄根本不对。

既然女作家具备【能够关注自己以外的声音的能力】,换句话说,就是男作家关注不了自己以外的声音——也就是,男作家只能关注自己的声音。

什么意思呢?结合男作家错误地把村庄描绘成【同质且固定的】来理解。

很显然,男作家脑海中对村庄是有先入之见的。他们自以为,村庄就是【同质且固定的】(他们有可能把村庄想象成了田园牧歌那般永恒不变的恬静景象),所以他们把村庄描绘成了那个单调不变的样子。

其实,真实的村庄是多种多样的。但是,男作家沉寂在自己的先入之见中,满脑子都是自己的想法,看不见现实,听不见别人的不同声音。

而女作家没有这么自我,没有这么自大。她们能关注到自己以外的、别人的声音,也就是说,她们能够摆脱自我的偏见,能看见别人真实的样子。所以,她们才能正确地描绘村庄。

【本句还有个关键的需要理解的疑难点,理解了才能做对第三题。具体解析略】

To varying degrees, the women’s sketches portray differences among community members: all stress differences among men and among women (particularly the latter) as well as differences between the sexes, and some also depict cultural diversity.

第4句:在不同程度上,女性的散记描绘了社区成员之间的差异:她们都强调了男性和女性(群体)(特别是后者)之内的差异以及两性之间的差异,一些人还描绘了文化多样性。

根据文章开头,我们知道,女作家们描绘出了村庄的多样性,并且多样性才是真实村庄的特征。具体什么叫做多样性呢?

这句给出了详细解释。

女作家描绘出了社区成员之间的差异。

都强调了男性和女性(群体)(特别是后者)之内的差异以及两性之间的差异——注意了,这里面包括三种差异:

男性和女性之内的差异,指的是男性之内的差异【以及】女性之内的差异。也就是,男性之内,这个男性和那个男性的差异;女性之内,这个女性和那个女性的差异。

两性之间的差异,才指的是男性作为一个性别,和女性这个性别的差异。

人和人有差异,就是人类的多样性。

一些女作家除了人的多样性,还描绘了文化的多样性——村庄之间也可能有不同的文化。

These writers represent community as dynamic, as something that must be negotiated and renegotiated because of its members’ divergent histories, positions, expectations, and beliefs.

第5句:这些作家将社区描绘为动态的,(描绘)为因它成员的历史,立场,期望和信仰不同,必须进行调和和重新调和的东西。

这些作家将社区描绘为动态的——也就是,这些作家把社区描绘成不是固定不变的,而是在不断变化的。

为什么会不断变化呢?

因为社区成员的历史,立场,期望和信仰不同,那么大家要能够共同生活在一起,不打架,能和平共存,就必须要不断相互适应,相互协调。这就叫【必须进行调和】。

并且,人是在不断变化的。所以,要不断进行【重新调和】。村庄社区,就是这么一种必须进行调和和重新调和的东西——也就是,不断变化的,具有多样性的东西。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

分别考虑每个选项并选择所有适用的选项。

1. According to the passage, village sketches written by women in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s typically reflected

根据这段文章,十九世纪三十年代和一八十年代的美国妇女写的村庄散记通常反映出来

A. the negotiations that characterized trade relationships between villages

A.以村庄间贸易关系为特征的谈判

这是把最后一句话的协商当成了做生意的协商了。并不是,文章指的是人与人之间共同生活的协商。A错。

B. the fact that these women did not often travel very far beyond their own village

B.这些女性并不经常旅行到远远超出自己的村庄之外的事实

正是第二句的意思吧。B对。

C. the plurality of experiences and ideas that existed among the residents of a village

C.一个村庄居民中存在的多种经验和想法

最后两句告诉我们,女作家确实把村民的多样性描绘出来了。C对。

2. Select the sentence in the passage that contrasts how men and women depicted life in village communities.

2.选择段落中对比了男性和女性如何描绘乡村社区的生活的句子。

什么地方提到男性了?其实没明着提到,而是第1句暗示的。选第1句。


第三题解析略。需要请留言。


【GRE阅读解析】Passage 40【乡村散记】短文章 详细解析


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